Durham University—Archaeologists have revealed new insights into how the world’s first farming villagers formed communities, moved across the land and responded to outsiders.
Researchers, led by the universities of Durham and Liverpool, analysed the chemical signatures in teeth from 71 people, spanning the entire Neolithic period from 11,600 to 7,500 years ago.
The teeth were found at five archaeological sites in what is now modern Syria.
By analysing the strontium and oxygen isotopes in the tooth enamel, the researchers were able to establish if the individuals grew up locally or whether they moved from a different area – reconstructing previously invisible patterns of mobility.
This tooth analysis, combined with skeletal evidence and funerary practices, revealed that once permanent villages were firmly established, most people stayed local and strengthened ties to particular communities.
Interestingly, towards the end of the Neolithic it appears that women were more likely than men to move between communities.
This suggests patrilocal traditions, in which women relocated to form marriages in new communities, whereas men remained in their home villages.
This movement cycle may have evolved to avoid inbreeding within communities.
The study also found that local and non-local individuals were often buried together and received the same, sometimes exceptional, funerary treatments.
The research is published in the journal Nature Scientific Reports.
Senior author, Dr Eva Fernandez-Dominguez of Durham University’s Department of Archaeology, said: “This research allows us to see, for the very first time in this region, how mobility and social connections shaped the earliest farming societies.
“We found that villagers largely stayed local, yet they welcomed newcomers who appeared to be fully integrated into social and funerary life.
“The evidence of women moving between villages also points to complex social dynamics in the world’s first permanent settlements.”
First author of the study, Dr Jo-Hannah Plug, currently of the University of Oxford, said: “The Late Neolithic period in this region is archaeologically known for the development of new cross-regional networks, innovation, and the movement of material culture, animals, and ideas.
“Our research, for the first time, shows direct evidence for the movement of people during this period too.
“Our observation that women in particular were mobile, illustrates their – likely central – role in the processes of innovation and the establishing of cross-regional networks of the Neolithic period.
“Our results suggest that the reproductive networks of this period extended beyond the direct neighbouring communities, and that marriage partners were sought potentially quite far away.”
The researchers found that at some sites, individuals who originated elsewhere appeared fully integrated into village life, suggesting early farming communities were inclusive and open to newcomers.
One striking example came from one of the sites, Tell Halula, where multiple layers of human remains were preserved within house floors.
Analysis revealed that the individuals buried together in the same house included both locals and non-locals, all treated with the same funerary practices.
Further evidence across the samples showed that local and non-local people were buried in close proximity in the same cemeteries and spaces, with the same elaborate burial assemblages and with similar post-mortem manipulations such as being buried in a seated position.
This indicates that mobility did not preclude social inclusion, and that villagers in the Neolithic period were open to assimilating newcomers fully into community life and afforded them the same distinct treatment in death.
The study demonstrates how scientific techniques, such as isotope analysis, can transform our understanding of human social life from thousands of years ago.
It also fills a major knowledge gap in the Northern Levant, a key corridor for the spread of agriculture and settled human societies.
The research was funded by The Leverhulme Trust.
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Aerial view of the excavations at the Neolithic site of Tell Halula in Syria. Picture credit: Grup de Recerca en Arqueologia del Mediterrani i del Proxim Orient (GRAMPO), Seminari d’Arqueologia Prehistòrica del Pròxim Orient (SAPPO)
One of the burials found at the Neolithic site of Tell Halula in Syria. Picture credit: Grup de Recerca en Arqueologia del Mediterrani i del Proxim Orient (GRAMPO), Seminari d’Arqueologia Prehistòrica del Pròxim Orient (SAPPO)
Laboratory analysis at Durham University. Picture credit: Dr. Eva Fernandez-Dominguez
