Archives: Articles

This is the example article

How Archaeological Discoveries Are Changing Transportation Planning in Canada

Preeth Vinod Jethwani is a seasoned SEO specialist based in Dhule, India, with a Master’s degree in English Literature. Her academic background in language and communication fuels her strategic approach to digital marketing. With over 5 years of hands-on experience in Guest Posting, Niche Edits, Link Building, and Local SEO, she helps websites grow their organic reach with precision and purpose. When not optimizing content or building backlinks, she shares insights and tips at AskPreeto.com.

Canada’s transportation network—its highways, rail corridors, urban streets, and rural access roads—may look modern on the surface, but beneath it lies thousands of years of human history. As archaeological research advances and Indigenous heritage protection gains legal recognition, archaeological discoveries are increasingly influencing how transportation planning is approached across the country. From rerouting highways to redesigning urban infrastructure, archaeology now plays a vital role in shaping Canada’s mobility future.

Understanding the Link Between Archaeology and Transportation

Long before cars, trucks, or railways existed, Indigenous communities developed sophisticated transportation systems. These included seasonal trails, river routes, portage paths, and trade corridors that connected regions for commerce, migration, and cultural exchange. Archaeological findings help modern planners understand where these historic routes existed and why they were chosen—often due to terrain stability, water access, or environmental efficiency.

Many modern roads unintentionally follow these ancient pathways. Archaeologists use tools such as ground-penetrating radar, historical mapping, and artifact analysis to identify these routes, providing valuable insight before new transportation projects begin.

Legal Requirements and Cultural Preservation

In Canada, transportation projects must comply with federal, provincial, and Indigenous heritage protection laws. Environmental and cultural impact assessments now routinely include archaeological evaluations. When artifacts, burial grounds, or historic travel routes are discovered, planners are legally obligated to reassess designs.

This has led to:

  • Highway realignments to avoid sacred sites
  • Delays in construction timelines to allow excavation and documentation
  • Redesigns of bridges and tunnels to minimize land disturbance

These measures ensure that development does not erase irreplaceable cultural history while still supporting modern transportation needs.

Case Studies Across Canada

British Columbia and Indigenous Trade Routes

In British Columbia, archaeological evidence of ancient coastal and inland trade routes has influenced highway expansion projects. Some corridors were adjusted after discoveries revealed long-used Indigenous travel networks aligned with rivers and mountain passes.

Ontario’s Urban Transit Developments

Toronto’s transit expansions have uncovered artifacts dating back thousands of years. Rather than halting progress, planners collaborated with archaeologists to preserve findings while continuing development, integrating heritage interpretation into station design.

Alberta’s Transportation Planning Challenges

Alberta, particularly around Calgary, presents unique challenges due to rapid urban growth combined with historically significant land use. Archaeological discoveries related to Indigenous hunting routes and settlement patterns have required transportation planners to adopt more flexible, consultative approaches when designing new roadways and access routes.

Technology Improving Archaeological Integration

Modern technology allows archaeologists and planners to work together more efficiently than ever before. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), LiDAR scanning, and predictive modeling help identify high-risk archaeological zones before construction begins.

This proactive approach:

  • Reduces costly project delays
  • Improves community trust
  • Enables smarter land-use decisions

Transportation planning is no longer just about speed and efficiency—it’s about respecting the layered history beneath Canada’s landscapes.

Impact on Travel and Vehicle Use

As transportation routes shift or become more environmentally sensitive, travelers increasingly adapt how they explore archaeological and heritage sites. Many historic locations are in rural or semi-remote areas, requiring reliable transportation that can handle diverse terrain and long distances.

For residents and visitors in Alberta, especially those exploring heritage corridors near Calgary, a used SUV often provides the flexibility and durability needed to navigate both modern highways and heritage access roads while aligning with sustainable vehicle ownership practices.

Sustainability and Long-Term Planning

Archaeological awareness also contributes to sustainable transportation planning. By learning how ancient communities adapted to climate, terrain, and natural resources, modern planners gain insight into long-term resilience strategies.

Ancient routes often avoided flood zones, unstable soil, and environmentally sensitive areas—lessons that are increasingly relevant as Canada faces climate change challenges. Incorporating archaeological knowledge helps create transportation systems that are both durable and environmentally responsible.

Collaboration with Indigenous Communities

One of the most significant shifts in Canadian transportation planning is the growing collaboration with Indigenous communities. Archaeological findings are no longer interpreted in isolation; they are contextualized with oral histories and cultural knowledge.

This collaborative approach ensures:

  • Respect for Indigenous rights
  • More accurate historical interpretation
  • Infrastructure projects that benefit local communities

Transportation planning becomes a shared process rather than a purely technical one.

Looking Ahead: A Balanced Future

Archaeological discoveries are reshaping how Canada thinks about progress. Rather than viewing history as an obstacle, planners increasingly see it as a guide. By integrating archaeological insights into transportation design, Canada is building systems that honor the past while supporting future mobility.

As urban expansion continues and infrastructure demands grow, archaeology will remain a crucial component of responsible transportation planning—ensuring that the roads Canadians travel every day respect the stories buried beneath them.

___________________________

Cover Image, Top Left: jmj2362, Pixabay

Art, Archaeology, and the Way We Learn to Look

Anastasia Adeler is a writer and contributor to Popular Archaeology Magazine on travel and museums. She is the founder and author of Living Rooms, a slow journalism magazine. 

Here he is, sitting very close to the glass case. So close that only the glass remains between him and the objects — a thin, almost conditional boundary. His back is slightly hunched, his hands lowered, his legs placed calmly, like someone who did not intend to stay, but did.

In front of him are small ancient figures, vessels, fragments of bodies, fragments of ritual — fragments of time. They are arranged as interlocutors. There are many of them, they vary in scale, and each one requires a different kind of attention. He does not rush. His gaze settles. He sits as if engaged in a long conversation that began long before this evening.

In the reflection of the glass, his figure doubles. One version of him is present inside the newly opened galleries of the Princeton University Art Museum. The other appears inside the vitrine, among the artifacts. The reflection becomes part of the scene: the human body enters the exhibition, and the exhibition enters his memory.

_____________________________

A visitor contemplating the collection at the Princeton University Art Museum. Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

_____________________________

At this moment, space functions directly.

Posture, distance, light, and time align.

Time loosens its linear grip and begins to behave differently.

This is where the new Princeton University Art Museum begins.

It begins with proximity.

With stillness.

With a person encountering objects that have endured beyond individual life, beyond era, beyond language.

This photograph holds the logic of a museum that has reopened after years of reconstruction as a space for human presence. What matters here is both what is shown and how one is allowed to occupy and move through the space.

I stood there longer than I expected. Watching him. Watching the way his body leaned toward the glass, the way time gathered around that small circle of attention. And only then did I realize that this was not the beginning of my experience in the museum. It was the point where everything I had already passed through slowly converged.

________________________

Before that moment, there was my physical approach.

The walk across campus at dusk — stone paths darkened by moisture, bicycles resting against iron railings, the Gothic silhouettes of Princeton receding into shadow. The museum revealed itself gradually. Not as an isolated object, but as part of the fabric of the place. A mural appeared first — graphic, deliberate, integrated into the exterior rather than applied to it. It signaled that this building was willing to speak visually, but without noise.

The entrance did not separate inside from outside abruptly. It eased you across that threshold. Glass, stone, wood guided the transition. The door opened into space rather than into a hall.

And then there was the floor.

Beneath glass, a Roman mosaic extended underfoot, not lifted onto a wall, not framed as a distant artifact. You walked over it, instinctively slowing down, adjusting your step. The museum established its relationship with the body immediately. History was not placed at eye level. It was placed where you stood.

____________________________

Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

____________________________

Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

____________________________

The interior unfolded with restraint. Clean lines, careful proportions, surfaces that absorbed sound instead of reflecting it. The warmth of wood above balanced the coolness of stone and terrazzo below. Light entered from multiple directions, filtered, angled, never overwhelming. You could feel how much attention had been given to how the space would be used at different hours of the day.

As I moved inward, I noticed how the building avoided symmetry as a principle. Corridors shifted. Views opened sideways. Galleries revealed themselves in sequence rather than alignment. You were never placed on a single axis. You were always slightly off-center — a participant rather than an observer.

This design choice echoed what I would later see again and again: people inhabiting the museum rather than passing through it.

Someone sat near a window with a sketchbook.

Someone paused at the edge of a gallery, leaning lightly against the wall.

Someone stood alone, hands in pockets, looking upward.

The space accommodated these gestures naturally.

It was only later, standing in front of that vitrine, watching the man who had become part of the scene, that I understood how deliberately this experience had been shaped. The architecture had already taught me how to be there. How to slow down. How to stay.

That photograph, taken later, holds the result of this sequence.

But the sequence began the moment I stepped inside. Details begin to surface as you move deeper inside.

The staircases do not dominate the space. They appear when they are needed, widening slightly at landings, allowing people to pause without stepping aside. Railings feel measured to the hand. Steps carry a shallow rise that slows the body without announcing the intention. You become aware of your own pace through movement rather than instruction.

Walls hold their distance. Some surfaces come close, others pull back, creating a subtle play of compression and release. The proportions shift just enough to register in the body. You sense when a gallery is meant for standing, when for sitting, when for staying longer.

Furniture is sparse and precise. Chairs and benches appear near windows, beside thresholds, at the edges of rooms. They are aligned with views-  sometimes inward toward objects, sometimes outward toward trees and stone paths beyond the glass. When someone sits, they do not disappear from the space. They become part of its composition.

Light works quietly but decisively. It falls from above in long planes, grazes walls, settles into corners. In some galleries, it sharpens contours; in others, it softens surfaces. Objects respond differently depending on where you stand. A step to the side changes everything.

Through the windows, Princeton continues. Trees move slightly. A tower catches the last light. Students pass in clusters and then thin out. These scenes remain present without pulling attention away. They form a steady backdrop, grounding the interior in lived time.

Floor surfaces guide movement almost imperceptibly. Terrazzo shifts in tone. Stone carries weight. The transition from one material to another marks a change in focus. You feel it before you recognize it.

Even the glass behaves thoughtfully. Reflections appear and fade depending on angle and light. At times, you see yourself layered over an object. At other moments, the glass disappears entirely. The museum allows these overlaps to happen without correction.

What becomes evident is how carefully the building anticipates people who arrive alone.

People who move slowly.

People who return to the same object.

People who sit without checking the time.

Nothing interrupts these behaviors. The design absorbs them.

Standing there, moving from detail to detail, you realize that the museum does not rely on scale to establish authority. It relies on consistency. On decisions repeated across rooms, floors, and thresholds. On a shared understanding of how attention works when it is respected.

It is within this accumulation of details that the larger structure begins to make sense — and it is from here that the path naturally leads toward the collections themselves, where objects carry their own weight of time.

__________________________

Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

__________________________

Princeton Collects

Princeton Collects reads as a conversation assembled over time. The exhibition does not aim to summarize the museum’s holdings. Instead, it traces how a collection comes into being — through attention, commitment, and continuity.

The space is composed with restraint. Works appear at intervals that allow each of them to hold its own ground. Paintings, drawings, objects, fragments — each is given enough room to establish presence before entering into dialogue with the next. The gallery does not rush the eye.

People move through the gallery in varied ways. Some drift laterally, tracing visual connections. Others remain with a single piece, stepping back and forward, adjusting their distance. These movements feel unforced. The room accommodates them.

I noticed how often visitors approached a work before turning to its label. Looking happened first. Reading followed later, if at all. The design supports this order naturally. The objects set the tempo.

Scale becomes one of the guiding forces. A small drawing draws the body inward. A larger canvas pulls the gaze across the wall. Surface matters here. Pigment thickens. Lines hesitate or assert themselves. Materials respond differently to light, and the light gives each of them time.

Color plays a subtle role. The walls carry tones that hold the works steady rather than framing them theatrically. Frames sit comfortably within the architecture. Nothing calls attention to itself more than necessary.

What emerges is an understanding of collecting as an ongoing practice rather than a completed gesture. Objects acquired decades apart share space without hierarchy. The distances between them feel intentional, as if each work were placed with awareness of what it would encounter across the room.

Princeton Collects makes visible the idea that a university museum is shaped as much by patience as by vision. The exhibition does not attempt to impress. It allows relationships to surface gradually between objects, between generations of viewers, between moments of attention separated by years.

From here, the transition toward the ancient feels natural. The eye has learned how to stay. The body has learned how to wait. The next galleries deepen that experience by extending it across centuries.

Ancient Mediterranean Art

The transition into the Ancient Mediterranean Art galleries happens almost imperceptibly. The atmosphere thickens. Stone begins to register differently. Surfaces hold weight, not only visually, but physically — through texture, scale, and proximity.

Relief fragments, vessels, carved elements, architectural pieces occupy the space with a grounded confidence. Their placement allows the body to move close, then step back, then return again. The experience unfolds through distance rather than instruction.

The false door from the tomb of the Egyptian priestess Ankh-Hathor holds a central position. Its surface carries layers of intention — ritual, passage, belief shaped through stone. Carved as a threshold, it suggests movement without requiring it. The object remains still, yet its meaning is spatial. You stand before it as one would stand before an entrance.

The carving reveals itself gradually. Lines deepen. Figures emerge through shadow and light. What first appears decorative settles into structure. The stone records hands, tools, repetition. Time becomes legible through labor.

______________________________

Example of an Egyptian false door displayed at the Louvre, France. CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons

______________________________

Nearby objects extend this material conversation. Ceramic forms carry the memory of use. Their proportions align with the human hand. Their surfaces retain subtle irregularities, traces of making rather than perfection. These are objects shaped through familiarity, through daily contact.

Light plays an essential role here. It settles across stone and clay without flattening them. Shadows collect in incisions and folds. A slight shift in position alters the reading of a surface. You begin to understand that these works ask for patience.

People respond instinctively. They slow. They lean in. They circle back.

The gallery avoids theatrical framing. Instead, it allows material to lead. Stone remains stone. Clay remains clay. Meaning accumulates through attention rather than explanation.

In this context, archaeology feels immediate. The distance between then and now compresses. Objects cease to function as evidence alone. They regain their status as things that once existed within lived space — touched, carried, placed, returned to.

Standing there, you become aware of how the museum supports this encounter. The proportions of the room hold the body comfortably. Sightlines remain clear. The architecture does not compete with the objects. It gives them room to speak through their own weight.

This section deepens what began earlier in the building. The museum’s understanding of attention extends across centuries. The ancient is not isolated. It is integrated into a continuous field of looking, making, and preserving.

From here, the presence of conservation feels inevitable — the work that allows these objects to remain present, available, and cared for. 

Conservation Studios

The Conservation Studios extend the logic of the galleries into a different register of time. Here, attention shifts from what has endured to how endurance is sustained.

Behind glass walls, work unfolds in plain sight. Objects rest on supports shaped precisely to their contours. Paintings lie flat under measured light. Tools are arranged with economy. Hands move with familiarity and care. Nothing here feels provisional. Everything suggests continuity.

Visitors stop without prompting. Some remain longer than expected. The studios hold their gaze not through activity alone, but through concentration. Watching conservation work becomes a lesson in scale — the scale of gesture, of time invested, of responsibility carried forward.

What stands out is the absence of separation between scholarship and care. Conservation is presented as part of the museum’s public life, embedded rather than concealed. The process belongs to the same architectural rhythm as the galleries themselves.

From certain angles, reflections overlap. The conservator’s hands align with an object’s surface. The glass catches fragments of surrounding space. These moments collapse distance between observer and work, reinforcing the idea that preservation is not abstract. It is physical, sustained, human.

The studios also recalibrate how one understands the objects just seen. Stone reliefs, ceramic vessels, painted surfaces now carry an additional layer of meaning. Their continued presence is no longer assumed. It is earned through labor, knowledge, and restraint.

Students pause here. Scholars linger. Visitors return after moving on. The space accommodates repeated encounters, acknowledging that understanding deepens through revisiting rather than completion.

In this part of the museum, time stretches forward. Conservation speaks to the future as much as to the past. Objects remain active participants in an ongoing exchange — studied, maintained, prepared for encounters yet to come.

_________________________________

Leaving the studios, you carry a heightened awareness of what it takes for a museum to function as a place of trust. The galleries depend on this work quietly, consistently, without display.

From here, the experience begins to fold back on itself. What you have seen gains weight. What you have noticed sharpens. The museum prepares you, gently, for departure.

The author, Anastasia Adeler

By the time I left the museum, the light outside had changed. The campus looked familiar again, but something in my pace did not. I carried with me the image of that man I noticed earlier — sitting still, slightly leaning forward, his attention fixed, his hands quiet at his sides. I never learned what he was thinking. A place he once belonged to? A person he loved? A life he lived before this one? A friendship? A loss? Or a memory that had waited patiently for the right moment to return? I only know that the museum gave him space to think at all. This, perhaps, is the museum’s most lasting gesture. It does not rush the visitor toward conclusions. It allows encounters to unfold at a human tempo — between object and memory, between form and feeling. Ancient works do not sit behind time; contemporary ones do not compete for relevance. They coexist in a shared present, not asking for any interpretation. 

As I walked away, I realized that the experience had followed me outward. The questions stayed open. The attention remained intact.

Unlike the majority of other places, The Princeton University Art Museum stays with you because of how you are taught to look.

Archaeologists use AI to create prehistoric video game

University of Copenhagen—Historians and archaeologists are constantly looking for new ways to bring the past to life. And in museums, audiovisual and digital solutions have long been a part of the presentation of cultural heritage.

However, until now, developing immersive digital content about the past has been very expensive and has required specialized labor. At the same time, it has been difficult to update the content if needed.

For this reason, only large commercial game developers have been successful in making (pre-)history-based video games. Popular examples are Assassin’s Creed and Civilization, which are great, but don’t always place a high value on historical accuracy.

But in a new research paper (link), archaeologists from the University of Copenhagen show that by using AI, the free tool Unreal Engine and tutorials on YouTube, they have been able to create an educational dynamic 3D computer game – in a short time and for very little money.

“We believe that these free tools that are now available to everyone have the potential to revolutionize digital cultural heritage communication. And with the research article about our game, we give other professionals the recipe for how to get started with digital storytelling without spending huge resources on it,” says archaeologist Mikkel Nørtoft from the University of Copenhagen.

Small talk with a Stone Age woman

The 3D game developed by the researchers is based on the Deep Histories of Migration research project about the Neolithic period in Northern Europe. The game is centered around the archaeologists’ own video recordings of two well-preserved long dolmens from Lindeskov Hestehave on Funen.

“The aim of the game is to learn more about the Neolithic Age and the burial monuments that were built back then in a dramatized universe. You do this by exploring the site, and talking to two AI-driven characters, an archaeologist and a Stone Age woman, whom we have prompted with background stories,” explains Mikkel Nørtoft and continues:

 “In other words, we haven’t had to write detailed manuscripts because the characters speak using generative AI and can therefore express themselves – optionally in several different languages – based on our prompts and our own compiled archaeological knowledge banks.”

This also means that researchers can continuously change the back stories as they gain new knowledge. In this way, they can ensure that the communication always stands on solid academic ground, while at the same time appearing immediate and natural to the players.

“Our game is primarily an example of what is technically possible for beginners, so we recommend that museums and other interested parties build their own scenarios with their expert knowledge. With a little help, most people will be able to learn how to build a simple scenario with characters within a few days and start experimenting with this type of dissemination.”

For Mikkel Nørtoft and his colleagues, their attempt to create a computer game shows that archaeologists and historians no longer have to depend on expensive commercial developers. They can now take control of the communication of their subject and create their own research-based digital version of prehistory.

See a demonstration of the archaeologists’ game on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6h4KqFgoPv4.

_____________________________

Dolmen Debbie. Screenshot from the game.  University of Copenhagen

_____________________________

Article Source: University of Copenhagen news release.

*Gamifying the past: embodied LLMs in DIY archaeological video games, Advances in Archaeological Practice, 10-Dec-2025. 10.1017/aap.2025.10106 

New methodology to decipher how human ancestors moved

University of Barcelona—When studying how fossil hominids moved, researchers usually analyse the morphology of bones — which is crucial for understanding the evolution of bipedalism — focusing mainly on muscle insertion sites. However, the potential information of studying other types of soft tissue, such as joint ligaments, is often overlooked. Now, an article* published in the journal Scientific Reports emphasizes the importance of studying the anatomy of the insertion points of the wrist ligaments to reconstruct the locomotor behaviour and manipulative dexterity of fossil hominids throughout human evolution.

The study is led by professors Josep M. Potau and Aroa Casado, from the Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and the Institute of Archaeology (IAUB) at the University of Barcelona.

With an innovative perspective, the study applies the technique of three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis (3D GM) to examine the insertion sites of the ligaments at the end of the radius that contacts the wrist (distal epiphysis).

The results confirm the existence of diverse locomotor behaviours in hominids and show significant differences in the size, orientation, and shape of wrist ligament insertions in fossil hominids — Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus sedibaParanthropus robustusHomo neanderthalensis and archaic Homo sapiens — and modern hominids: Homo sapiensPan troglodytes (chimpanzees), Gorilla gorilla (gorillas) and Pongo pygmaeus (orangutans).

The study expands the set of methodological tools for understanding the evolution of hominids in palaeoanthropology and proposes an innovative methodology that complements more traditional research based on bone morphology.

A new approach to reconstructing locomotion in hominids

Ligaments are a type of soft tissue that is rarely used in studies of hominid locomotion. They act as stabilizers for the joints and also enable the brain to determine the functional status of each joint. The different forms of locomotion in hominids involve anatomical differences in the ligaments of the wrist and, therefore, modifications in the areas where the ligaments insert into the distal epiphysis of the radius.

“Humans, who are bipedal and use their hands primarily to manipulate objects, have anatomical characteristics in these insertion areas that are markedly different from those observed in other non-human hominoid primates (chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans)”, says Professor Josep Maria Potau, from the Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations at the UB, “which use their hands differently, mainly due to their arboreal and terrestrial locomotion.”

The team developed research lines specializing in the anatomical study of the ligaments of the upper limbs in primates, aiming to create anatomical models that can be compared with modern humans and estimating the types of locomotion of fossil primates by studying the areas of ligament insertion.

“The study of ligament insertion sites in 3D models allows, in most cases, the corroboration or questioning of locomotor inferences based strictly on the study of muscle insertions,” notes Josep Maria Potau. “Furthermore, it provides unique information that cannot be obtained from the study of muscle insertions.”

The distal epiphysis of the radius, which is well represented in many species of fossil primates, “has no identifiable muscle insertion area that allows for locomotor inferences to be made, but it does have two well-defined areas where a large part of the wrist ligaments are inserted, which has allowed this type of inference to be made in the study,” says Professor Aroa Casado.

“If the results obtained with the ligaments coincide with those obtained in the muscular study — she continues — this reinforces the identification of a specific type of locomotion in a specific fossil species. However, if the results are contradictory, it may suggest other alternative forms of locomotion.”

Unravelling the mysteries of bipedalism

As the study reveals, Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus anamensis, and Australopithecus sediba show anatomy very similar to that observed in chimpanzees and orangutans. This would support the hypothesis that these ancestors combined habitual bipedal locomotion with highly effective arboreal locomotion, a conclusion indicated in previous studies on muscle insertion sites.

Paranthropus robustus — a fossil primate that evolved in parallel with human phylogeny — is a more contradictory case. While some authors consider it a bipedal species with effective arboreal locomotion — similar to that of Australopithecus —, others postulate that it may have had other forms of terrestrial locomotion. “In our study, the Paranthropus robustus specimen has an anatomy more similar to that of gorillas, so the conclusions would reinforce the idea that, in addition to bipedal and arboreal locomotion, it could also have developed other forms of terrestrial locomotion,” the authors point out, since gorillas are the hominoid primates that most frequently use terrestrial-type locomotion.

Regarding the Homo neanderthalensis and archaic Homo sapiens — closer to the human species —, the anatomy is very similar to that of modern humans, but researchers detected “some characteristic features that would indicate a relatively different use of the hands compared to that of modern human populations.” These ancestors have a typical anatomy in the area where a particular ligament inserts, the short radiolunate ligament, which suggests greater robustness in the wrist area, probably related to a higher demand for manual load bearing associated with hunting or tool making.

The application of the 3D GM technique could be extended to other evolutionary studies of both fossil and extant species to infer locomotor patterns and manual precision. “Our results demonstrate the value of this technique in reconstructing locomotor behavior and make it a valuable tool for future studies in the fields of comparative anatomy, biological anthropology, palaeoanthropology and human evolution,” the team concludes.

_______________________________

Beyond the research on bone morphology, a UB-led study focuses on soft tissues and expands the methodological tools for understanding how fossil hominids moved throughout the evolution of the human species. Scientific Reports

_______________________________

Article Source: University of Barcelona news release.

Why Archaeologists Are Turning to Inflatable Docks for Remote Dig Sites

Sujain Thomas is a passionate freelance writer with a deep love for uncovering the past. Fascinated by archaeology, history, and the hidden stories of ancient civilizations, she enjoys bringing timeless knowledge to life through her writing. When she isn’t exploring historical topics, Sujain is often reading, traveling to heritage sites, or researching the cultural roots of modern life. She also contributes to resources like Plomberie 5 Étoiles that highlight expertise in modern plumbing and water systems.

Archaeologists often work in some of the most challenging environments on earth—isolated dig sites, coastal zones, riverbanks, lake shores, and even partially submerged ancient settlements. Accessing these areas safely and efficiently has always been difficult, especially when transporting tools, equipment, and teams across unstable or water-logged terrain.

This is where modern field logistics have evolved. One of the most innovative tools increasingly used in archaeological expeditions today is the inflatable yacht dock, a compact yet durable floating platform that makes remote site work significantly easier.

The Challenge of Accessing Remote Archaeological Sites

Many archaeological discoveries lie far from dry, stable ground. Examples include:

  • Submerged ruins near ancient port cities
  • River-based settlements found in South Asia and Europe
  • Wetland dig sites with soft, sinking soil
  • Cliffside or island sites that require boat access
  • Coastal sites affected by tides, erosion, or rising sea levels

Traditional wooden or metal docks are hard to transport and install in these environments. Archaeologists need something flexible, lightweight, and practical.

Why Inflatable Docks Are Ideal for Archaeological Fieldwork

1. Easy Transport to Remote Locations

Inflatable docks weigh far less than conventional structures. Archaeology teams can carry them:

  • By boat
  • On foot
  • By 4×4 vehicles
  • In small aircraft or helicopters

This flexibility is crucial in excavation zones where road access is limited.

2. Stable Floating Platforms for Water-Based Excavations

Sites near lakes, rivers, or coastal shallows often require:

  • Underwater surveying
  • Artifact retrieval
  • Sediment sampling
  • Drone-based photogrammetry from water

Inflatable docks create a stable floating basecamp, allowing archaeologists to organize tools, change equipment, and document findings without returning to shore repeatedly.

3. Faster Setup and Takedown

Time is often limited during an excavation season. Inflatable platforms can be:

  • Inflated in minutes
  • Anchored quickly
  • Expanded by connecting multiple units

This allows archaeologists to focus on fieldwork instead of construction.

4. Protecting Sensitive Environments

Many archaeological landscapes are fragile. Heavy docks, drilling, or construction can damage:

  • Ancient shoreline formations
  • Flora and fauna in wetland ecosystems
  • Structural remains underwater

Inflatable docks rest lightly on the water, minimizing environmental impact—a major advantage for conservation-focused research.

5. Cost-Effective Solution for Long-Term Projects

Buying or transporting traditional docks can be expensive. Inflatable versions are:

  • Cheaper
  • Reusable
  • Easier to repair on-site
  • Suitable for multi-season projects

This helps archaeology teams stretch their budgets without sacrificing safety or efficiency.

Real-World Uses in Archaeology

Inflatable docks are currently being used in several field scenarios:

  • Mediterranean coastal excavations exploring ancient harbors
  • Lake archaeology projects studying submerged villages
  • Amazonian riverbank surveys where soil collapses easily
  • Island-based digs where transporting heavy materials is impossible
  • Underwater artifact cataloging stations for divers

Researchers using photogrammetry and geophysical tools also appreciate the stable water platform these docks provide.

Enhanced Safety for Field Teams

Water-based archaeology involves risks—slippery surfaces, unstable boats, and unpredictable currents. Inflatable docks provide:

  • Stable footing
  • Handholds
  • Space for storing safety gear
  • A dependable platform for first-aid and field documentation

This reduces accidents and increases productivity during long excavation days.

The Future: More Portable Tools for Archaeologists

As archaeological exploration expands into harder-to-reach areas, inflatable and modular field equipment will continue to rise in popularity. Inflatable docks represent just one part of a larger shift toward highly portable, environmentally respectful excavation tools.

They empower archaeologists to access previously unreachable sites, making new discoveries possible while protecting delicate heritage landscapes.

_____________________________

Cover Image, Top Left: Pixabay

A new fossil face sheds light on early migrations of ancient human ancestor

Midwestern University—A team of international scientists, led by Dr. Karen Baab, a paleoanthropologist at the College of Graduate Studies, Glendale Campus of Midwestern University in Arizona, produced a virtual reconstruction of the face of early Homo erectus*. The 1.5 to 1.6 million-year-old fossil, called DAN5, was found at the site of Gona, in the Afar region of Ethiopia. This surprisingly archaic face yields new insights into the first species to spread across Africa and Eurasia. The team’s findings are being published in Nature Communications.

According to Dr. Baab, “We already knew that the DAN5 fossil had a small brain, but this new reconstruction shows that the face is also more primitive than classic African Homo erectus of the same antiquity. One explanation is that the Gona population retained the anatomy of the population that originally migrated out of Africa approximately 300,000 years earlier.”

Gona, Ethiopia

The Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project in the Afar of Ethiopia is co-directed by Dr. Sileshi Semaw (Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Spain) and Dr. Michael Rogers (Southern Connecticut State University). Gona has yielded hominin fossils that are older than 6.3 million years ago, and stone tools spanning the last 2.6 million years of human evolution. The newly presented hominin reconstruction includes a fossil brain case (previously described in 2020) and smaller fragments of the face belonging to a single individual called DAN5 dated to between 1.6 and 1.5 million years ago. The face fragments (and teeth) have now been reassembled using virtual techniques to generate the most complete skull of a fossil human from the Horn of Africa in this time period. The DAN5 fossil is assigned to Homo erectus, a long-lived species found throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe after approximately 1.8 million years ago.

How did the scientists reconstruct the DAN5 fossil?

The researchers used high-resolution micro-CT scans of the four major fragments of the face, which were recovered during the 2000 fieldwork at Gona. 3D models of the fragments were generated from the CT scans. The face fragments were then re-pieced together on a computer screen, and the teeth were fit into the upper jaw where possible. The final step was “attaching” the face to the braincase to produce a mostly complete cranium. This reconstruction took about a year and went through several iterations before arriving at the final version.

Dr. Baab, who was responsible for the reconstruction, described this as “a very complicated 3D puzzle, and one where you do not know the exact outcome in advance. Fortunately, we do know how faces fit together in general, so we were not starting from scratch.”

What did scientists conclude?

This new study shows that the Gona population 1.5 million years ago had a mix of typical Homo erectus characters concentrated in its braincase, but more ancestral features of the face and teeth normally only seen in earlier species. For example, the bridge of the nose is quite flat, and the molars are large. Scientists determined this by comparing the size and shape of the DAN5 face and teeth with other fossils of the same geological age, as well as older and younger ones. A similar combination of traits was documented previously in Eurasia, but this is the first fossil to show this combination of traits inside Africa, challenging the idea that Homo erectus evolved outside of the continent. “I’ll never forget the shock I felt when Dr. Baab first showed me the reconstructed face and jaw,” says Dr. Yousuke Kaifu of the University of Tokyo, a co-author of the study.

“The oldest fossils belonging to Homo erectus are from Africa, and the new fossil reconstruction shows that transitional fossils also existed there, so it makes sense that this species emerged on the African continent,” says Dr. Baab. “But the DAN5 fossil postdates the initial exit from Africa, so other interpretations are possible.”

Dr. Rogers agrees. “This newly reconstructed cranium further emphasizes the anatomical diversity seen in early members of our genus, which is only likely to increase with future discoveries.”

“It is remarkable that the DAN5 Homo erectus was making both simple Oldowan stone tools and early Acheulian handaxes, among the earliest evidence for the two stone tool traditions to be found directly associated with a hominin fossil,” adds Dr. Semaw.

Future Research

The researchers are hoping to compare this fossil to the earliest human fossils from Europe, including fossils assigned to Homo erectus but also a distinct species, Homo antecessor, both dated to approximately one million years ago. “Comparing DAN5 to these fossils will not only deepen our understanding of facial variability within Homo erectus but also shed light on how the species adapted and evolved,” explains Dr. Sarah Freidline of the University of Central Florida, study co-author.

There is also potential to test alternative evolutionary scenarios, such as genetic admixture between two species, as seen in later human evolution among Neanderthals, modern humans and “Denisovans.”  For example, maybe DAN5 represents the result of admixture between classic African Homo erectus and the earlier Homo habilis species. According to Dr. Rogers, “We’re going to need several more fossils dated between one to two million years ago to sort this out.”

______________________________

Map showing potential migration routes of the human ancestor, Homo erectus, in Africa, Europe and Asia during the early Pleistocene. Key fossils of Homo erectus and the earlier Homo habilis species are shown, including the new face reconstruction of the DAN5 fossil from Gona, Ethiopia dated to 1.5 million years ago. Dr. Karen L. Baab. Scans provided by National Museum of Ethiopia, National Museums of Kenya and Georgian National Museum.

______________________________

Photo montage of five major elements of DAN5 fossil cranium.Photo montage of five major elements of DAN5 fossil cranium. Dr. Michael Rogers

______________________________

Fossil fragments of a face as well as teeth were reassembled to produce the most complete cranium of a human ancestor from this time in the Horn of Africa. Dr. Karen L. Baab. Scans provided by National Museum of Ethiopia. Photographs courtesy of M. Rogers and G. Suwa.

______________________________

Article Source: Midwestern University news release.

*“New reconstruction of DAN5 cranium (Gona, Ethiopia) supports complex emergence of Homo erectus,” Nature Communications, 16-Dec-2025. 10.1038/s41467-025-66381-9 

Why Archaeology Matters: Teaching Human Origins and Cultural Heritage in the Classroom

Adam Ferraresi is a 32-year-old full-time business writer based in New York, with a strong focus on educational content that helps readers think clearly and act with confidence. An avid reader and lifelong learner, his work centers on breaking down complex ideas into structured, practical insights that support informed decision-making.

Shaped by research, exploration, and real-world observation, Adam draws from a wide range of sources including books, business frameworks, and lived experience. He approaches writing with clarity and intention, aiming to make learning accessible without oversimplifying the subject matter.

Outside of writing and research, Adam values exploration and thoughtful conversation, often finding that the best insights come from curiosity, reflection, and shared perspectives. His goal as an author is to create educational content that is useful, grounded, and easy to apply in real-world contexts.

When students examine the ancient tools used by early humans, they’re not just looking at artifacts; they’re uncovering layers of our shared history. This exploration into human origins and cultural heritage can spark critical conversations about identity and community. By engaging with the past, you can help students connect these lessons to modern societal issues, yet many educators overlook this essential link. What if you could transform your classroom into a space where these connections thrive?

The Importance of Archaeology

Archaeology is often viewed as a window into our past, revealing the intricate tapestry of human history that shapes our present. By studying artifacts, structures, and cultural remains, you gain valuable insights into the behaviors, beliefs, and interactions of past societies. This discipline goes beyond mere excavation; it’s about interpreting data to understand how civilizations evolved, adapted, and influenced one another over time.

In the classroom, teaching archaeology fosters critical thinking and analytical skills. When you engage students with hands-on activities like mock digs or artifact analysis, you not only spark their curiosity but also illustrate the complexities of historical narratives. Students learn to appreciate the context of discoveries, understanding that each artifact tells a story about human resilience and innovation.

Moreover, archaeology emphasizes the significance of cultural heritage, highlighting the diverse experiences that contribute to our collective identity. By acknowledging the past, you help students recognize patterns in societal development and understand contemporary issues, such as cultural preservation and ethical considerations in research.

Ultimately, archaeology equips learners with the tools to analyze their world, encouraging them to become informed, empathetic global citizens.

Understanding Human Origins

Exploring human origins reveals the fascinating journey of our species from primitive ancestors to the complex societies we inhabit today. By examining archaeological evidence, you can trace the evolutionary path that led to modern Homo sapiens.

Fossils, tools, and artifacts provide concrete data about how early humans adapted to their environments, developed language, and formed social structures.

When you investigate this topic, you’ll discover how climate changes and geographical shifts influenced human migration and settlement patterns. For instance, the discovery of fire greatly impacted early human survival, enabling cooking and protection.

You’ll also learn about the significance of symbolic thought, as seen in cave art and burial practices, which reflect the cognitive and cultural advancements of our ancestors.

Cultural Heritage in Education

Integrating cultural heritage into education enriches students’ understanding of their own identities and the diverse world around them. By exploring the histories, traditions, and contributions of various cultures, you help students appreciate the richness of human experience. This approach fosters critical thinking, encouraging students to analyze how cultural narratives shape societal values and personal beliefs.

When you incorporate cultural heritage into your lessons, you’re not just teaching history; you’re creating a dialogue about how the past influences contemporary issues. Students learn to recognize the complexities of cultural interactions and the impact of globalization on local traditions. This understanding is essential in cultivating empathy and respect for diverse perspectives.

Moreover, integrating cultural heritage can empower students to connect with their own backgrounds. By valuing their unique histories, you encourage them to take pride in their identities while appreciating others. This dual recognition can serve as a foundation for collaborative learning, where students engage in discussions that challenge stereotypes and promote inclusivity.

Ultimately, embedding cultural heritage in education equips students with the tools needed to navigate an increasingly interconnected world, making them more informed, compassionate, and culturally aware citizens.

Engaging Students Through Artifacts

Artifacts serve as tangible connections to the past, sparking curiosity and engagement among students. When you introduce objects—like pottery shards, tools, or jewelry—students can almost feel history in their hands. These items tell stories of daily life, social norms, and technological advancements, making abstract concepts more relatable and concrete.

Integrating artifacts into your lessons can transform the classroom into a vibrant learning whether in traditional settings or an online school K-12, by making historical concepts more interactive and accessible to students. By examining these objects, students not only gain insights into different cultures but also start to appreciate the complexity of human experiences. They’ll ask questions about the materials used, the methods of production, and the societal context surrounding each artifact.

You can enhance this engagement by incorporating hands-on activities where students analyze replicas or even create their own artifacts. This kind of experiential learning encourages them to think critically about the significance of these items in understanding human history.

Additionally, discussing the provenance and ethical considerations surrounding artifacts can deepen their appreciation for cultural heritage. In this way, artifacts become more than mere objects; they evolve into powerful tools for fostering a connection to our shared past.

Fostering Critical Thinking Skills

Encouraging students to analyze artifacts critically can greatly enhance their critical thinking skills. When you guide them to question and evaluate the significance of each item, they learn to think beyond surface-level interpretations. This process not only deepens their understanding of history but also sharpens their analytical abilities.

Here are some key elements to focus on:

  • Observation: Teach students to meticulously observe details, like material composition and wear patterns.
  • Contextualization: Help them understand the cultural and historical context in which the artifact existed.
  • Comparative Analysis: Encourage them to compare artifacts from different cultures or periods, fostering connections and contrasts.
  • Hypothesis Formation: Motivate students to formulate hypotheses about the artifact’s purpose and significance, leading to deeper inquiry.

Connecting With Contemporary Issues

Connecting archaeology with contemporary issues invites students to see the relevance of historical studies in today’s world. By examining ancient civilizations, you can help students understand how past societies dealt with challenges similar to those we face now, such as climate change, conflict, and resource management.

For instance, exploring how the Maya adapted to environmental shifts can spark discussions about modern sustainability practices.

As you guide your students through these connections, encourage them to analyze how archaeological findings inform current social debates. This might include issues of cultural heritage, identity, and repatriation of artifacts.

By understanding the complexities surrounding these topics, students can appreciate the ongoing dialogue between past and present.

You can also highlight how archaeology uncovers forgotten voices, particularly marginalized communities. By engaging with these narratives, students develop empathy and a broader perspective on social justice issues today.

Ultimately, linking archaeology to contemporary issues not only enriches students’ understanding but also empowers them to think critically about their role in society.

This approach fosters a sense of responsibility and inspires action, making history not just a lesson of the past, but a guide for the future.

____________________________

In weaving archaeology into the classroom fabric, you’re not just imparting knowledge; you’re nurturing a profound appreciation for the intricate tapestry of human existence. By guiding students through the rich narratives of our ancestors, you elevate their understanding of cultural heritage and ignite critical thinking. This journey through time empowers them to engage thoughtfully with today’s world, transforming mere learners into enlightened custodians of the past, ready to navigate the complexities of the future with empathy and insight.

__________________________

Cover Image, Top Left: credit: JamesDeMers, Pixabay

Ancient Nubian tattooing practices

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences—A study* uncovers remains of previously unknown individuals with tattoos in ancient Nubia, providing fresh insights into the prevalence, methods, and shifting motifs of tattooing over centuries. Tattooing is known to have occurred in ancient Nubia, particularly in the Nile River Valley. The advent of multispectral imaging methods has enabled the analysis of preserved skin samples for signs of tattooing. Anne Austin and colleagues examined 1,048 human remains from three sites in the Nile River Valley covering the period 350 BCE through 1400 CE. The analysis revealed 27 individuals with tattoos, nearly doubling the number of known tattooed individuals in the Nile River Valley. The tattoos were found on both male and female remains, with ages ranging from infants to elderly adults. Through microscopic analysis of the tattoos, the authors found a shift in tattooing practices in the medieval period, when Christianity was introduced to the region. The motifs of dotted diamonds across the body, as well as crisscrossed patterns on the hands in the pre-Christian period, gave way to tattoos on the face. The shapes of markings suggest tattoos formed with a knife rather than with a needle. According to the authors, the findings illustrate how multispectral techniques can provide context to ancient tattooing practices by clarifying techniques and motifs.

______________________________

Reconstruction of geometric tattoos on the right hand of an adult woman from Semna South. Mary Nguyen. ©2025 UMSL

______________________________

Reconstruction of tattooing on the forehead of a 3-year-old female (657-855 CE) from Kulubnarti. Mary Nguyen. ©2025 UMSL

______________________________

Article Source: PNAS news release.

*“Revealing tattoo traditions in ancient Nubia through multispectral imaging,” by Anne Austin, Brenda J. Baker, Tatijana Jovanovic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15-Dec-2025. https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2517291122

Fingerprint of ancient seafarer found on Scandinavia’s oldest plank boat

Lund University—In the 4th century BC, an armada of boats attacked the island of Als off the coast of Denmark. Traveling in up to four boats, the unknown attackers were defeated, with the defenders sinking the weapons of their foes into the bog in one of the boats, most likely to give thanks for their victory.

“Where these sea raiders might have come from, and why they attacked the island of Als has long been a mystery,” says Mikael Fauvelle, archaeologist at Lund University.

The boat was discovered in the 1880s in the bog of Hjortspring Mose, excavated in the 1920s, and is now known as the Hjortspring boat. It is the only example of a prehistoric plank boat that has ever been found in Scandinavia. The finding is unique – since it was sunk in a bog as an offering, it was exceptionally well preserved. To this day, the Hjortspring boat has been on display at the National Museum of Denmark.

When the researchers unexpectedly located parts of the boat that had not been chemically preserved, they were able to study these using modern scientific methods.

“The boat was waterproofed with pine pitch, which was surprising. This suggests the boat was built somewhere with abundant pine forests,” says Mikael Fauvelle.

Several scholars had previously suggested that the boat and its crew came from the region around modern-day Hamburg in Germany. Instead, the researchers now believe they came from the Baltic Sea region.

“If the boat came from the pine forest-rich coastal regions of the Baltic Sea, it means that the warriors who attacked the island of Als chose to launch a maritime raid over hundreds of kilometers of open sea,” says Mikael Fauvelle.

So, exactly where did someone unknowingly leave their fingerprint in the tar, as a silent message to future generations? The best way to conclusively address the mystery of the boat’s origins would be through tree year ring counting which could match the planks on the boat to the area where the trees they came from were cut down. 

“We are also hoping to be able to extract ancient DNA from the caulking tar on the boat, which could give us more detailed information on the ancient people who used this boat,” concludes Mikael Fauvelle.

DETECTIVE WORK LED TO DISCOVERY

The latest findings* are the result of careful detective work by the researchers. 

The team wanted to find material from the boat that had not yet been subjected to conservation. This involved going through the archive at the National Museum and reading old correspondence, detailing when and where materials had been shipped between different storage areas and museums in Denmark. 

“When we located some of the boxes of materials, we were very excited to find that they contained samples from the original excavation that had not been studied in over 100 years,” says Mikael Fauvelle.

HOW THE RESEARCHERS EXAMINED THEIR FINDS

The team used a wide range of modern scientific methods to study the Hjortspring material. They were able to carbon date some of the lime bast cordage used on the boat, giving them the first absolute date from the original excavation material and confirming its pre-Roman Iron Age dating. 

They also used x-ray tomography to make high resolution scans of the caulking and cordage material found on the boat. This included making a digital 3D model of the fingerprint found in some of the caulking tar.

They used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to study the caulking material and to see how it was produced. In addition, they worked with modern rope makers to create replicas of the ships cordage to study the rope-making process used in the boat’s construction. 

The research was carried out in collaboration with the research program Maritime Encounters at the University of Gothenburg.

____________________________

 

 

The Hjortspring boat as currently displayed at the National Museum of Denmark. Boel Bengtsson

________________________________

Photo of caulking fragment showing fingerprint on the left and high-resolution x-ray tomography scan of fingerprint region on the right. Erik Johansson, 3D model by Sahel Ganji.

________________________________

Cordage fragments from the Hjortspring boat. Mikael Fauvette

________________________________

Depiction of our experimental reconstruction of lime bast cordage and hitch knot. This reconstruction was made by Mikkel Hollmann and Olof Pipping using a spinning hook. Note that some sections are two ply while others are four ply. Mikael Fauvette

________________________________

Never before seen artifacts uncover a story of deep global connectivity and sophistication far before 1st millennia BCE

AlUla, Saudi Arabia – The fascinating, ancient and vibrant story of Dadan, the former capital of the Kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan, is revealed for global audiences to discover and explore in-depth in a new permanent exhibition titled ‘Illuminating Discoveries – Uncovering the layers of Dadan’s History’.

Displayed at the spectacular Dadan archaeological site in the ancient oasis city of AlUla, northwest Arabia, the permanent interpretive exhibition presents the diverse crafts, practices and evidence of ancient intercultural exchange, highlighting Dadan’s role as a major political and trading center on the Incense Road during the 1st millennium BCE and earlier.

Presenting an exciting new chapter in the modern world’s knowledge of ancient Arabia and its storied history, ‘Illuminating Discoveries – Uncovering the layers of Dadan’s History’ features more than 100 artifacts painstakingly recovered from the ruins by international teams working in AlUla’s Dadan archaeological site and the mountaintop sanctuary of Umm Daraj in the last five years.

With the camel’s domestication opening vast new overland routes, the incense trade flourished, elevating Dadan into a thriving powerhouse of commerce and cross-cultural connection. Over time, the Incense Road grew into one of the most lucrative and influential trading networks of the ancient world, shaping economies and societies across thousands of kilometers.

Artifacts now on display depict the breadth of traders’ journeys placing AlUla at the center of a surprisingly connected and sophisticated global network. Highlighted objects include figurines with connections to Greece, a Roman or Byzantine bone hairpin and inscriptions in stone in a south Arabian language.

A dynasty of cultured and sophisticated civilizations interconnected with the ancient world, where farming began in Dadan around the 3rd millennia BCE. Archaeologists have found evidence of handcraft from the 2nd millennia BCE, a thousand years before the establishment of the Roman Empire.

Evidence of a deep tradition of craft as part of daily life shows the sophistication and human ingenuity of the people. New finds include examples of complex metal work, as well as evidence for the production of textiles made by weaving and spinning techniques. Once central to life in the city, these traditions and crafts are being revitalized today as part of the Royal Commission for AlUla’s (RCU) cultural and heritage regeneration of AlUla.

Including unique objects, the majority of which have never been displayed to the public before, the exhibition is spread across five comprehensive sections: Crafts and Daily Life in Ancient Dadan; Exchange and Trade; Ancient Beliefs and Rituals; Scripts in Stone; and Umm Daraj.

Included among the collection of ancient items is a copper-alloy spearhead dating from around 400–50 BCE. Surveys across the cliffs of Dadan revealed hundreds of inscriptions and striking rock art, including a battle scene showing four riders armed with long spears, while rock art from the adjoining desert valley of Wadi Al Naam depicts a horseman with a spear hunting an ostrich.

Dating to the late 4th to 1st century BCE, a terracotta head was discovered in an urban neighborhood in Dadan. Imported from the ancient Greek world, it may once have formed part of a Tanagra figurine – a style of small, finely modeled figures produced in central Greece and traded widely across the Mediterranean and even as far as Babylon. The head highlights how Mediterranean styles were absorbed into the cultural landscape and traded across northwest Arabia during the Lihyanite period.

Dating from 400–50 BCE, a striking statue, with the inlay still visible in one eye, uncovered in an ancient shrine at the foot of Dadan’s cliffs showcases the fine craftsmanship of highly symbolic items produced during the Lihyanite period, while another statuette marked by its long hair was also found in the same location. The standing figure, dressed in a belted garment, has only one surviving arm hanging straight at the side. Its eyes would have once been inlaid with bone.

A fragment of sandstone inscription from the 1st millennium BCE wonderfully preserves part of a monumental Ancient South Arabian (Minaic) inscription. Carved in bold relief and likely originating from an ancient public or religious building, only two signs – w and d – survive, but together they likely refer to Wadd, the chief deity worshipped by the Minaean community at Dadan. The Minaeans, merchants from the south Arabian kingdom of Ma‘in, established a presence in Dadan as part of their long-distance trading networks, leaving behind inscriptions that record their cultural practices.

As an example of ancient language in its written form, the stone fragment shares a connection with the nearby ‘open air library’ at Jabal Ikmah. Inscribed on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register, Jabal Ikmah is home to almost 300 inscriptions predominantly dated to when the Dadanites and Lihyanites ruled from Dadan.

Dr. Abdurahman Alsuhaibani, Vice President of Culture at RCU and Co-Director of the Dadan Project, said: “Dadan is a truly remarkable place that one could say was the world’s first truly connected center. An ancient capital, it was one of the most sophisticated and important cities of its time – a fascinating fact that continues to reveal itself through the incredible range and diversity of artifacts uncovered by teams of Saudi and international experts on the ground. This wonderful new, permanent exhibition offers visitors unique insights into the lives, beliefs and practices of the people of Dadan, how they ruled the region and how they interacted with other cultures.”

The exhibition was made possible by a collaboration between the Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU), The French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the French Agency for AlUla Development (AFALULA), who have led Saudi-French archaeological missions leading on the excavations in Dadan in recent years.

The 2025–26 season in AlUla launches one of the region’s most diverse heritage research efforts to date, with more than 100 archaeologists and specialists from leading Saudi and international institutions working across over six major projects. From new excavations at Hegra and Dadan to large-scale inscription and environmental studies, this is AlUla’s most ambitious programme yet—advancing knowledge, building Saudi capacity, and reinforcing the Kingdom’s position as a global leader in cultural heritage research.

_____________________________

Above and below: Artifacts from Illuminating Discoveries — Uncovering the Layers of Dadan’s History. AlUla

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Dadan. AlUla

_____________________________

The tombs of ancient Dadan. AlUla

_____________________________

Visitors to AlUla who book a ticket to the Dadan and Jabal Ikmah tour will enjoy exclusive access to the ‘Illuminating Discoveries – Uncovering the layers of Dadan’s History’ as part of their experience.

For more information, visit experiencealula.com

For further information, please contact: RCU.Destinations@bursonglobal.com

_____________________________

About AlUla:

Located 1,100 km from Riyadh, in North-West Saudi Arabia, AlUla is a place of extraordinary natural and human heritage. The vast area, covering 22,561km², includes a lush oasis valley, towering sandstone mountains and ancient cultural heritage sites dating back thousands of years to when the Lihyan and Nabataean kingdoms reigned.

The most well-known and recognised site in AlUla is Hegra, Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site. A 52-hectare ancient city, Hegra was the principal southern city of the Nabataean Kingdom and is comprised of 111 well-preserved tombs, many with elaborate facades cut out of the sandstone outcrops surrounding the walled urban settlement.

Current research also suggests Hegra was the most southern outpost of the Roman Empire after the Romans conquered the Nabataeans in 106 CE.

In addition to Hegra, AlUla is also home to ancient Dadan, the capital of the Kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan, and considered to be one of the most developed 1st millennium BCE cities of the Arabian Peninsula, and Jabal Ikmah, an open-air library of hundreds of inscriptions in many different languages, which has been recently listed on the UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register. Also AlUla Old Town Village, a labyrinth of around 900 mudbrick dwellings and buildings, developed from at least the 12th century, which has been selected as one of the World’s Best Tourism Villages in 2022 by the UNWTO.

Pompeii offers insights into ancient Roman building technology

Massachusetts Institute of Technology—Concrete was the foundation of the ancient Roman empire. It enabled Rome’s storied architectural revolution as well as the construction of buildings, bridges, and aqueducts, many of which are still used some 2,000 years after their creation.

In 2023, MIT Associate Professor Admir Masic and his collaborators published a paper describing the manufacturing process that gave Roman concrete its longevity: Lime fragments were mixed with volcanic ash and other dry ingredients before the addition of water. Once water is added to this dry mix, heat is produced. As the concrete sets, this “hot-mixing” process traps and preserves the highly reactive lime as small, white, gravel-like features. When cracks form in the concrete, the lime clasts redissolve and fill the cracks, giving the concrete self-healing properties.

There was only one problem: The process Masic’s team described was different from the one described by the famed ancient Roman architect Vitruvius. Vitruvius literally wrote the book on ancient architecture. His highly influential work, “De architectura,” written in the 1st century B.C.E., is the first known book on architectural theory. In it, Vitruvius says that Romans added water to lime to create a paste-like material before mixing it with other ingredients.

“Having a lot of respect for Vitruvius, it was difficult to suggest that his description may be inaccurate,” Masic says. “The writings of Vitruvius played a critical role in stimulating my interest in ancient Roman architecture, and the results from my research contradicted these important historical texts.”

Now, Masic and his collaborators have confirmed that hot-mixing was indeed used by the Romans, a conclusion he reached by studying a newly discovered ancient construction site in Pompeii that was exquisitely preserved by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79 C.E. They also characterized the volcanic ash material the Romans mixed with the lime, finding a surprisingly diverse array of reactive minerals that further added to the concrete’s ability to repair itself many years after these monumental structures were built.

“There is the historic importance of this material, and then there is the scientific and technological importance of understanding it,” Masic explains. “This material can heal itself over thousands of years, it is reactive, and it is highly dynamic. It has survived earthquakes and volcanoes. It has endured under the sea and survived degradation from the elements. We don’t want to completely copy Roman concrete today. We just want to translate a few sentences from this book of knowledge into our modern construction practices.”

The findings are described in a forthcoming paper in Nature Communications. Joining Masic on the paper are first authors Ellie Vaserman ’25 and Principal Research Scientist James Weaver, along with Associate Professor Kristin Bergmann, PhD candidate Claire Hayhow, and six other Italian collaborators.

Uncovering ancient secrets

Masic has spent close to a decade studying the chemical composition of the concrete that allowed Rome’s famous structures to endure for so much longer than their modern counterparts. His 2023 paper analyzed the material’s chemical composition to deduce how it was made.

That paper used samples from a city wall in Priverno in southwest Italy, which was conquered by the Romans in the 4th century B.C.E. But there was a question as to whether this wall was representative of other concrete structures built throughout the Roman empire.

The recent discovery by archaeologists of an active ancient construction site in Pompeii (complete with raw material piles and tools) therefore offered an unprecedented opportunity.

For the study, the researchers analyzed samples from these pre-mixed dry material piles, a wall that was in the process of being built, completed buttress and structural walls, and mortar repairs in an existing wall.

“We were blessed to be able to open this time capsule of a construction site and find piles of material ready to be used for the wall,” Masic says. “With this paper, we wanted to clearly define a technology and associate it with the Roman period in the year 79 C.E.”

The site offered the clearest evidence yet that the Romans used hot-mixing in concrete production. Not only did the concrete samples contain the lime clasts described in Masic’s previous paper, but the team also discovered intact quicklime fragments pre-mixed with other ingredients in a dry raw material pile, a critical first step in the preparation of hot-mixed concrete.

Bergman, an associate professor of earth and planetary sciences, helped develop tools for differentiating the materials at the site.

“Through these stable isotope studies, we could follow these critical carbonation reactions over time, allowing us to distinguish hot-mixed lime from the slaked lime originally described by Vitruvius,” Masic says. “These results revealed that the Romans prepared their binding material by taking calcined limestone (quicklime), grinding them to a certain size, mixing it dry with volcanic ash, and then eventually adding water to create a cementing matrix.”

The researchers also analyzed the volcanic ingredients in the cement, including a type of volcanic ash called pumice. They found that the pumice particles chemically reacted with the surrounding pore solution over time, creating new mineral deposits that further strengthened the concrete.

Rewriting history

Masic says the archaeologists listed as co-authors on the paper were indispensable to the study. When Masic first entered the Pompeii site, as he inspected the perfectly preserved work area, tears came to his eyes.

“I expected to see Roman workers walking between the piles with their tools,” Masic says. “It was so vivid, you felt like you were transported in time. So yes, I got emotional looking at a pile of dirt. The archaeologists made some jokes.”

Masic notes that calcium is a key component in both ancient and modern concretes, so understanding how it reacts over time holds lessons for understanding dynamic processes in modern cement as well. Towards these efforts, Masic has also started a company, DMAT, that uses lessons from ancient Roman concrete to create long-lasting modern concretes.

“This is relevant because Roman cement is durable, it heals itself, and it’s a dynamic system,” Masic says. “The way these pores in volcanic ingredients can be filled through recrystallization is a dream process we want to translate into our modern materials. We want materials that regenerate themselves.”

As for Vitruvius, Masic guesses that he may have been misinterpreted. He points out that Vitruvius also mentions latent heat during the cement mixing process, which could suggest hot-mixing after all.

The work was supported, in part, by the MIT Research Support Committee (RSC) and the MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub.

__________________________

An ancient Pompeii wall at a newly excavated site, where Associate Professor Admir Masic applied compositional analysis (overlayed to right) to understand how ancient Romans made concrete that has endured for thousands of years. Archaeological Park of Pompeii

__________________________

Article Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology news release.

Severe drought linked to the decline of the hobbits 61,000 years ago

University of Wollongong—An international team of scientists, including the University of Wollongong (UOW), has found compelling evidence that a changing climate played a role in the extinction of the early human species Homo floresiensis, also known as ‘hobbits’. Their research, published in Communications Earth & Environment, reveals the hobbits abandoned Liang Bua – a cave they had occupied for around 140,000 years – during a drought that lasted for thousands of years.

The team combined chemical records from cave stalagmites with isotopic data from fossil teeth from a pygmy elephant species (Stegodon florensis insularis) that hobbits hunted. The results reveal an extensive drying trend beginning around 76,000 years ago, culminating in severe drought between 61,000 and 55,000 years ago, around the time the hobbits disappeared. Prolonged drought and competition for resources may have driven their departure from Liang Bua and, ultimately, their extinction.

The discovery highlights how environmental conditions can reshape the course of species survival, and how changing rainfall influenced the fate of our close relatives.

“The ecosystem around Liang Bua became dramatically drier around the time Homo floresiensis vanished,” said UOW Honorary Professor Dr Mike Gagan, the lead author of the study. “Summer rainfall fell and river-beds became seasonally dry, placing stress on both hobbits and their prey.”

The discovery builds on decades of groundbreaking UOW research into Homo floresiensis, first discovered in 2003 in Liang Bua on the Indonesian island of Flores. Dubbed the hobbit due to its tiny stature, Homo floresiensis challenged prevailing theories of human evolution. It disappears from the fossil record around 50,000 years ago, but its fate has remained an enigma.

The scientists used stalagmites, a natural archive of rainfall, to reconstruct past climate and rainfall. Analysis of oxygen-isotopes in fossil tooth enamel showed the pygmy elephants relied on river water, which became increasingly scarce. The pygmy elephant population fell steeply around 61,000 years ago, meaning that an important food source for the hobbits was disappearing.

“Surface freshwater, Stegodon and Homo floresiensis all decline at the same time, showing the compounding effects of ecological stress,” UOW Honorary Fellow Dr Gert van den Berg said. “Competition for dwindling water and food probably forced the hobbits to abandon Liang Bua.”

While Homo floresiensis fossils pre-date the earliest evidence of modern humans on Flores, Homo sapiens were traversing the Indonesian archipelago around the time the hobbits disappeared.

“It’s possible that as the hobbits moved in search of water and prey, they encountered modern humans,” Dr Gagan said. “In that sense, climate change may have set the stage for their final disappearance.”

___________________________

The research team on site in Flores, Indonesia. Garry K Smith

___________________________

Fossil jaw-bone (with adult teeth) from Stegodon florensis insularis at Liang Bua. Mika R Puspaningrum

___________________________

Wae Racang valley, where Homo floresiensis and Stegodon once roamed.

___________________________

Article Source: University of Wollongong news release.

About the research

‘Onset of summer aridification and the decline of Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua 61,000 years ago’ by Michael K. Gagan, Linda K. Ayliffe, Mika R. Puspaningrum, Gerrit van den Bergh, Nick Scroxton, Wahyoe S .Hantoro, Heather Scott-Gagan, Scott A. Condie, R. Lawrence Edwards, HaiCheng, Jian-xin Zhao, JohnC. Hellstrom, Alena K. Kimbrough, Matthew J. Gagan, Bambang W. Suwargadi, Joan A. Cowley, Bronwyn C. Dixon, Garry K. Smith, Neil Anderson, Henri Wong and Hamdi Rifai, was published in Communications Earth & Environmenthttps://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02961-3

Archaeologists use lasers to locate ancient settlements and artifacts on Greek Islands

University of Copenhagen—The Cyclades are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece. Made up of more than 200 islands, the Cyclades attract millions of tourists each year for holidays on islands like Mykonos and Santorini. But recent studies have revealed that before the luxury villas took over the islands, the Cyclades have been home to humans in not only ancient Greece, but in pre-historic times as well.

As part of several international teams, archaeologist Evan Levine from the University of Copenhagen is using groundbreaking technological methods such as LIDAR and magnetometry to shed new light on the archaeology of the Cycladic islands*.

The Cycladic islands are already well-known for archaeological sites such as the sanctuary of Apollo on Delos and Akrotiri, a Bronze Age city destroyed by a volcanic eruption more than 3,000 years ago. But Evan Levine, a PhD Fellow in archaeology at the University of Copenhagen, and colleagues from Greece and the United States have just completed The Small Cycladic Islands Project, which studied 87 uninhabited islands, many of them for the first time.

“Our questions were simple. Were these now-uninhabited islands – some of which are big, some of which are small, some of which are rugged, some of which are very beautiful – used by people at any point in the past? If so, how were they used, and how does that change our perspective of these kinds of archipelago environments where big islands, small islands, coastlines, and the sea itself are all working together to dictate how people live?” says Evan Levine.

Tourism is an important factor in the Greek economy, but the country also has many unknown archaeological sites still buried in the ground, yet to be unearthed. By mapping out the areas of particular archaeological interest, Evan Levine and his colleagues are helping guide future development in the region, encouraging more sustainable tourism and protecting Greece’s cultural heritage.  Their collaboration with the Greek Ministry of Culture has even resulted in the entire island of Polyaigos – the largest uninhabited Aegean island – being designated a protected archaeological site.

Lasers and magnetic waves

When you think of archaeological fieldwork, you might imagine dig sites and excavations. Careful as archaeologists may be, digging disturbs the area of interest. Evan Levine and his colleagues have been using modern archaeological techniques that are less intrusive and have not been used extensively in The Cyclades previously.

One of these methods is magnetometry  – the subject of a recent publication in the Journal of Archaeological Science.

“Magnetometry is a technique that had never been used on these islands, so we weren’t sure if it would be effective. We use something called a gradiometer to record the ground’s magnetic signature as you walk across it. Different objects in the ground present different magnetic properties, which we use to see what’s under the ground. Magnetometry helps us find everything from stone walls and buildings to interesting events like ancient lightning strikes and human and natural activity that affect soil magnetics,” says Evan Levine.

“We’re trying to understand how ancient sites may have looked without having to completely excavate everything. Because archaeology is a destructive science, our goal is to document as much as possible to make sure that we’re digging in the right place and asking the right questions when we do excavate.” says Evan Levine.

Alongside magnetometry which helps document individual sites, Evan and his colleagues are using LIDAR to map out entire islands from the air.

In short, LIDAR works by shooting pulsating lasers from an airplane or drone. The laser pulses penetrate through vegetation and provide a clear image of the surface topography below. It has been used previously to discover lost cities in Mesoamerica and Southeast Asia, but is a relatively new method in Greece.

“There are several benefits of using these methods. They are non-invasive and can produce some amazing results. In the world of limited funding for research in the humanities, they allow you to be much more targeted than previously possible, using destructive methods like excavation much more sparingly to answer particular questions,” says Evan Levine.

LIDAR mapping of the island of Naxos is the topic of a recent article in Antiquity and will feature in the December edition of The Journal of Greek Archaeology*.

Big histories of little islands 

When using the methods that Evan Levine and his colleagues are applying, you find many things from several very different time periods all at once. While most archaeologists study particular periods, like Bronze Age or Classical Era, Evan Levine is using these tools to tell a new history of the Cyclades that spans thousands of years.

“We found everything from Bronze Age cities to Medieval castles and churches, and we may even have evidence of palaeolithic activity on these islands,” says Evan Levine. “The responsible thing to do is to document all of it – from traces of exceptionally early activity to more recent archaeology like 19th century shepherd’s huts. It’s all part of the story of these places, and the work I have been doing allows us to think about how the earlier activity influences and interacts with the later activities.”

Many of their prehistoric findings are from 3000 to 1000 , periods when the region was home to the Cycladic culture, Minoans from Crete, and Mycenaeans from mainland Greece. But, surprisingly, Evan and his colleagues have also found artifacts that points to earlier human presence on the Cyclades.

“Some of our most exciting data focuses on the earliest colonization of the Cyclades during the Neolithic Period,” says Evan Levine. “These tools are allowing us to rethink how the earliest communities on these islands lived and interacted with the land and the sea around them. We definitely did not expect to find so much early material on such small islands, which clearly attracted humans for various reasons much earlier and in greater numbers than we previously thought,” Evan Levine says.

Methods like LIDAR, ground penetrating radar and magnetometry played a significant role in these findings according to the UCPH archaeologist.

“In some instances our methods have completely led to the discovery of the items we have found. In other instances, these tools have allowed us to do more than we otherwise would have, because they have made our search more targeted which allows us to document our findings more carefully,” he explains.

Future plans

Evan Levine plans to continue working with these methods and even more modern technologies that are new to the field of archaeology.

“My immediate plans are to work more closely with machine learning and LIDAR, which has led to some amazing results in other parts of the world. I’m lucky to be a part of all these ongoing projects where we can test new methods, and I hope that our findings can help archaeologists who are working in other areas as well,” he says.

“The happy biproduct of this is continued discovery about the diverse communities who have made what is, in my opinion one of the most beautiful and interesting parts of the world, their home for many, many thousands of years. And I’m hoping that our work will help preserve these islands by highlighting how much we have left to learn about them,” he says.

And this new research isn’t just about Greece, Evan Levine is working to bring his experiences using new archaeological technologies and methods back to Denmark. In 2024, he taught a course to undergraduate and master’s students at the University of Copenhagen about using cutting-edge digital methods to study the ancient world.

“Whether you’re studying archaeology like me or historical documents, these same tools are unlocking new ways to think about our collective past,” said Evan Levine.

“Tools like Generative AI and computational modeling are becoming key skills for historians and archaeologists, and my students at the university really took what I had to teach them and ran with it, producing some really exciting research.”

Evan Levine and his colleagues have published their work in the journals Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Scienceand more work referenced here will be published this December in Hesperia and the Journal of Greek Archaeology:

An interdisciplinary workflow for the comprehensive study of ancient quarried landscapes | Antiquity | Cambridge Core

The application of geophysical prospection to understand ancient Greek rural island landscapes: Magnetometry survey at Palaiopyrgos, Paros (Cyclades) – ScienceDirect

The Role of Infrastructure in Conserving Ancient Heritage Sites

Preeth Vinod Jethwani is a seasoned SEO specialist based in Dhule, India, with a Master’s degree in English Literature. Her academic background in language and communication fuels her strategic approach to digital marketing. With over 5 years of hands-on experience in Guest Posting, Niche Edits, Link Building, and Local SEO, she helps websites grow their organic reach with precision and purpose. When not optimizing content or building backlinks, she shares insights and tips at AskPreeto.com.

Preserving ancient heritage sites is one of humanity’s most essential responsibilities, allowing generations to understand history, culture, technology, and the evolution of societies. Archaeology uncovers the past, but infrastructure makes it possible to conserve, protect, and display these discoveries safely. As tourism increases and environmental conditions become harsher, the role of infrastructure—roads, drainage, stabilization supports, pathways, shelters, and protective coatings—becomes more vital than ever.

This article explores how infrastructure supports archaeological conservation, why it matters, challenges involved, and how modern construction principles contribute to safeguarding ancient heritage without harming authenticity.

Understanding Why Infrastructure Matters in Archaeology

Most archaeological sites were not built for long-term exposure. Ancient monuments, structures, and artifacts were often buried, sheltered, or undergoing natural deterioration before being excavated. Once exposed, they face:

  • Rain, wind, and erosion
  • Human tourism pressure
  • Vandalism and theft
  • Soil instability
  • Thermal differences
  • Water infiltration
  • Microbial and chemical decay

Infrastructure provides an engineered solution to these threats. It helps archaeologists and conservation experts control visitor impact, stabilize ruins, manage stormwater, and protect surfaces from decay.

In simple terms, archaeology reveals the past; infrastructure ensures it survives the future.

Infrastructure Increases Accessibility Without Compromising Authenticity

Heritage sites attract researchers, educational institutions, tourism departments, and millions of curious visitors annually. While accessibility promotes cultural awareness, unrestricted access can cause irreversible damage.

This is where carefully designed infrastructure becomes essential:

  • Clear walking pathways reduce trampling on fragile layers
  • Controlled visitor flow prevents chaos
  • Proper signage keeps people away from unstable areas
  • Viewing platforms reduce direct contact with walls, floors, and carvings

Good infrastructure doesn’t change the site; it protects it while allowing people to experience it.

Roads, Pathways, and Visitor Routes Protect Fragile Surfaces

Improper foot traffic is one of the biggest causes of damage to ruins. For instance:

  • Ancient mosaics may crack
  • Mudbrick structures may crumble
  • Uneven terrain may erode

Constructing paved walkways and retaining walls helps maintain controlled movement.

These pathways are often made from durable materials that can withstand high traffic—concrete, stone slabs, or treated surfaces. When modern sealants or protective paving is required to maintain structural longevity, services like Executive Asphalt paving and sealcoating help preserve outdoor pathways and prevent gradual erosion from weathering.

By designing sturdy walkways instead of letting people walk directly on ancient surfaces, archaeologists protect original soil profiles and delicate features below.

Drainage Systems and Moisture Control

Water is one of archaeology’s worst enemies. Ancient structures deteriorate fast when exposed to:

  • Rainwater stagnation
  • Ground seepage
  • Flooding
  • Freeze–thaw cycles
  • Salts carried by water

Modern drainage infrastructure such as trenches, underground pipes, gutters, and run-off channels prevent water accumulation. At excavated sites, water management is crucial to preventing chemical and physical erosion.

Examples:

  • In Mesopotamian mudbrick ruins, drainage prevents walls from dissolving
  • In Greek and Roman sites, runoff channels stop mosaic floors from cracking
  • In desert regions like Egypt, drainage prevents salt crystals from forming on decorated surfaces

Infrastructure here acts as a protective system, not as a modification of heritage.

Shelters, Roofs, and Climate Control Structures

Some ruins require physical shielding from environmental stress. Lightweight roofing and shelters are built to protect artifacts such as:

  • Sculptures and murals
  • Wooden beams
  • Earthen structures
  • Frescoes
  • Ancient manuscripts

These protective structures are usually:

  • Breathable
  • Stable
  • Lightweight
  • Removable (non-invasive)
  • UV-resistant

For delicate discoveries that cannot be removed from their original position, temporary roofing becomes indispensable. This allows the site to be studied and documented while being shielded from wind, direct sunlight, extreme temperatures, and rainfall.

Soil Stabilization and Foundation Support

Many ancient structures were built on soils that were stable long ago but no longer are, due to:

  • Erosion
  • Climate change
  • Human activity nearby
  • Earthquakes
  • Vegetation root systems

Infrastructure for foundation stabilization includes:

  • Geotextile layers
  • Reinforcement grids
  • Retaining walls
  • Controlled drainage
  • Soil compaction

These solutions allow archaeologists to preserve ruins in situ (in their original place) instead of having to relocate them.

Balancing Modern Construction and Cultural Authenticity

Archaeological ethics require that any infrastructure placed around heritage sites must:

  • Be reversible (removable without damage)
  • Be non-intrusive
  • Respect historical context
  • Be visually unobtrusive
  • Avoid altering artifacts or sediments

Therefore, archaeologists work with engineers, architects, material scientists, and conservationists to design structures that complement heritage rather than overshadow it.

Lighting, Security, and Surveillance: Protecting Sites from Human Threats

Human-caused damage is often as harmful as natural decay. Theft, vandalism, and accidental contact destroy heritage permanently. Properly installed infrastructure helps:

  • LED lighting for safe night visits
  • CCTV to monitor site activity
  • Laser perimeter alarms to prevent intrusion
  • Access control gates

In museums where archaeological artifacts are displayed, infrastructure extends to:

  • Temperature-regulated cases
  • Controlled humidity systems
  • Fire-suppression systems
  • Secure flooring and panel supports

These measures minimize deterioration while maximizing visibility and safety.

Sustainable Infrastructure: Eco-Friendly Protection

Modern conservation emphasizes sustainability. Infrastructure today considers:

  • Green roofing systems
  • Reusing excavation backfill soil
  • Solar-powered lighting
  • Water recycling for site cleaning
  • Using stabilized soil instead of concrete in sensitive zones
  • Prefabricated reversible shelters

Sustainable infrastructure reduces environmental impact and protects heritage sites without introducing pollutants.

How Infrastructure Helps Archaeologists Conduct Research

Infrastructure isn’t only for tourism and preservation; it also supports research activities.

It makes excavation safer and more efficient through:

  • Stabilized excavation trenches
  • Drainage around trenches
  • Scaffolding around large ruins
  • Safe transport routes for artifacts
  • Laboratory container units on-site

Infrastructure may not be visible to tourists, but it forms the backbone of every excavation.

Case Examples Across Cultures

Roman Civilizations
Ancient amphitheaters and streets use stone paving. Modern protective coatings, controlled walkways, and signage help prevent cracking due to foot pressure.

Egyptian Temples and Tombs
Air management systems reduce salt crystallization in underground chambers.

Mayan Ruins in Central America
Raised platforms prevent visitors from walking directly on fragile stone carvings and hieroglyphs.

Medieval European Sites
Moisture barriers and drainage systems prevent water from damaging frescoes and basement chambers.

These examples show that infrastructure is not a modern invention—it is a necessity for preserving civilization’s legacy.

Infrastructure as a Long-Term Investment in Cultural Preservation

Building roads, walkways, protective shelters, drainage systems, and monitoring equipment requires financial investment. However, the return on this investment is immeasurable:

  • Tourism revenue for local communities
  • Educational value for younger generations
  • Historical identity for nations
  • Awareness of ancient achievements
  • Academical research progress

When infrastructure protects heritage, it protects knowledge.

_____________________________

Ancient heritage sites embody humanity’s journey through time—our technology, art, beliefs, trade, and social evolution. Infrastructure plays a crucial role in ensuring these remnants of the past survive environmental, physical, and human threats. From drainage systems to visitor pathways, shelters to soil stabilization, and modern sealing techniques to sustainable engineering, infrastructure supports archaeology’s mission: preserve the past, for the future.

When the world invests in proper, reversible, and sensitive infrastructure, ancient sites become accessible and educational while remaining safeguarded. In essence, infrastructure is not a threat to heritage; it is a guardian.

__________________________

Cover Image, Top Left: Mirandavandorst, Pixabay

From Early Settlement Trails to Modern Highways: Archaeology Around Calgary and the Vehicles That Travel It

Sujain Thomas is a passionate freelance writer with a deep love for uncovering the past. Fascinated by archaeology, history, and the hidden stories of ancient civilizations, she enjoys bringing timeless knowledge to life through her writing. When she isn’t exploring historical topics, Sujain is often reading, traveling to heritage sites, or researching the cultural roots of modern life. She also contributes to resources like Plomberie 5 Étoiles that highlight expertise in modern plumbing and water systems.

Calgary’s thriving landscape of modern highway systems and bustling road networks is a reflection of deep historical roots. What we see today—busy streets, long-distance routes leading to the Rockies, and highways shaping urban expansion—originated from trails used centuries ago. Archaeology around Calgary helps piece together the evolution of travel, landscape use, and settlement in this region. To understand the present, we first travel back to the distant past.

Ancient Trails and Early Movements Across the Plains

Long before Calgary was a city, the plains served as a home and travel corridor for Indigenous peoples. These early communities were skilled navigators of the region and had established trails that connected hunting grounds, freshwater sources, and trade areas.

Archaeologists have uncovered countless pieces of evidence showing how Indigenous peoples traveled and lived here, including:

  • Stone tools (scrapers, spearheads, knives)
  • Remains of campsites and fire pits
  • Buffalo jump structures used for coordinated hunting
  • Burial sites and ceremonial grounds

These findings demonstrate that mobility was essential to survival, food access, and cultural activity. The landscape itself provided direction—rivers, ridges, and open plains became natural highways.

These trails weren’t random paths but strategically developed routes based on knowledge passed down through generations. Many of the earliest settlement trails that skirted around rivers and open fields later became mapped transportation corridors.

The Archaeology of Travel and Trade

Evidence suggests that early Indigenous groups had trade networks stretching hundreds of kilometers. Archaeologists discovered stone materials in Calgary originating from regions far away, showing that people traveled considerable distances along well-established transport routes.

As populations moved seasonally, trails expanded. Some paths connected the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the prairies and even beyond into present-day Saskatchewan and Montana.

What’s fascinating is that modern archaeologists have successfully mapped many of these routes using:

  • Soil and material analysis
  • Ancient hearth remnants
  • Carbon dating
  • Satellite soil imaging
  • Indigenous oral history

It is through this synergy of science and culture that we trace how today’s transportation network came to be. 

The Arrival of Settlers and the Transformation of Trails

In the 1800s, European traders, explorers, and settlers began to appear in the Calgary area. Their arrival marked a crucial turning point in how the land was used.

Indigenous routes quickly became:

  • Wagon roads
  • Horse trails
  • Supply routes
  • Military patrol paths

Settlement required access to trading posts, forts, and water. As the population grew, trails broadened. Dirt paths were widened to allow wagons to pass, and eventually they connected emerging towns.

Many of Calgary’s early trading and settlement routes overlapped with paths Indigenous peoples had used for centuries. Archaeologists studying early settler remains and artifacts frequently find:

  • Wagon wheel ruts
  • Historic trail markers
  • Remnants of blacksmith stations
  • Early bridges and river crossing structures

These discoveries help historians visualize how mobility evolved and how early infrastructure took shape.

Railroads, Urbanization, and the Birth of Road Systems

By the late 19th century, the Canadian Pacific Railway introduced a new era of transportation. The movement of goods and people dramatically accelerated, creating demand for structured roads linking towns and agricultural areas.

The shift from trails to road networks took place in three phases:

  1. Rail-Based Growth:
    Rail stations became starting points for developing rough regional roads.
  2. Agricultural Expansion:
    Farms required reliable access to larger towns, reinforcing permanent road-building.
  3. Urban Development:
    As Calgary grew, trails became mapped streets, and the earliest downtown grid took form.

Archaeologists use maps, soil records, and old photographs to analyze how early transportation corridors shaped the city’s layout. Many of Calgary’s present highways, like the Trans-Canada Highway corridor, originated from these early structured routes tied to economic growth.

Modern Highways Reflect Ancient Mobility Patterns

Today, Calgary is one of Alberta’s major transportation hubs connecting:

  • The Rocky Mountains
  • Southern Alberta
  • Northern and Central Prairies
  • Inter-provincial highway networks

But what most travelers don’t realize is that many of the routes they follow are layered over centuries of human movement.

Archaeological surveys along road expansions often uncover artifacts that tell a deeper story. When crews dig foundations for bridges, repave highways, or widen interchanges, they occasionally find:

  • Flint tools
  • Bone fragments
  • Ceremonial objects
  • Hearth and camp remains

These discoveries are documented, preserved, and studied, offering insights into how people traveled across the region thousands of years before paved roads existed.

Vehicles and Calgary’s Archaeological Landscape

As modern vehicles speed along the highway systems that evolved from ancient trails, they create indirect connections to Calgary’s archaeological past. Roads today allow researchers, tourists, educators, and history enthusiasts to access culturally significant locations.

Driving the region’s highways can take you to:

  • Fish Creek Provincial Park archaeological sites
  • Nose Hill Park Indigenous camp remnants
  • Interpretive centers displaying excavated artifacts
  • Historic trade route locations west of the city

The ability to explore these sites by vehicle gives people direct access to history.

And because vehicle travel in Calgary often involves rugged terrain, outdoor conditions, and dusty routes, travelers rely on various services to keep their vehicles road-ready. Drivers often use auto detailers to maintain their vehicles while moving from archaeological parks to wilderness routes, making exploration easier and more comfortable. 

Preservation, Respect, and Continued Exploration

Archaeology in and around Calgary is not just about discovery — it is about preserving Indigenous history, respecting ancestral knowledge, and documenting how human movement shaped land use.

Archaeologists work closely with Indigenous communities today because oral history adds context that scientific data alone cannot provide. This respectful collaboration helps ensure that every piece of Calgary’s archaeological story is told accurately and with cultural depth.

As the city expands and road development continues, archaeologists are always present, studying the layers beneath modern life. Roads may bring convenience, but careful excavation reminds us that they are built atop millennia of travel, knowledge, and memory.

___________________________

Calgary’s roadways and highways are more than infrastructure—they are historical pathways shaped by the footsteps of Indigenous travelers, trade routes of settlers, and transportation advances of later generations. Archaeological discoveries help us trace this evolution and recognize that today’s movement across the region reflects ancient mobility patterns.

From footpaths to wagon tracks, and eventually to paved highways filled with modern vehicles, Calgary’s transportation story is deeply rooted in archaeology. Understanding this connection allows travelers, researchers, and residents to appreciate that beneath every modern roadway lies the memory of journeys taken long before us.

_________________________

Cover Image, Top Left: Pet_orient, Pixabay

Celebrated Rutland mosaic depicts ‘long-lost’ Troy story connecting Roman Britain to the ancient classical world

University of Leicester—The team behind what has been described as ‘one of the most significant mosaics discovered in the UK’ have revealed that it depicts an alternative ‘long-lost’ telling of the Trojan War.

New research* from the University of Leicester has conclusively determined why the famous Ketton mosaic in Rutland – one of the most remarkable Roman discoveries in Britain for a century – cannot depict scenes from Homer’s Iliad as was initially believed. Instead, it draws on an alternative version of the Trojan War story first popularized by the Greek playwright Aeschylus that has since been lost to history.

The mosaic’s images combine artistic patterns and designs that had already been circulating for hundreds of years across the ancient Mediterranean, suggesting that craftsmen in Roman Britain were more closely connected to the wider classical world than has been assumed.

The Ketton mosaic was discovered in 2020 during the COVID-19 lockdown by local resident Jim Irvine, leading to a major excavation by University of Leicester Archaeological Services (ULAS), with funding from Historic England. The mosaic and surrounding villa complex have since been designated a Scheduled Monument in recognition of their exceptional national importance. Historic England and ULAS undertook collaborative excavations at the site in 2021 and 2022 and are working together to publish the results of those investigations.

The mosaic depicts the Greek hero Achilles and the Trojan prince Hector in three dramatic scenes – their duel, the dragging of Hector’s body, and its eventual ransom by King Priam, where Hector’s body is literally weighed for gold.

The Trojan War, mostly famously portrayed in Homer’s epic poem, the Iliad, was a mythological ten-year campaign by Greek forces against the city of Troy, ruled by King Priam, to reclaim the legendary beauty, Helen of Sparta.

New analysis has shown that the mosaic is not based on Homer’s Iliad, as first believed, but instead echoes a lesser-known tragedy, Phrygians, by the Athenian playwright Aeschylus. There are several retellings of the Trojan War that the Romans would have been familiar with, but the owner of the Ketton villa would have enjoyed the cachet of displaying one of the more niche versions.

The research also reveals that the mosaic’s design cleverly combines artistic patterns long used by craftspeople across the ancient Mediterranean.

Dr Jane Masséglia, lead author of this new research and Associate Professor in Ancient History at the University of Leicester, said: “In the Ketton Mosaic, not only have we got scenes telling the Aeschylus version of the story, but the top panel is actually based on a design used on a Greek pot that dates from the time of Aeschylus, 800 years before the mosaic was laid. Once I’d noticed the use of standard patterns in one panel, I found other parts of the mosaic were based on designs that we can see in much older silverware, coins and pottery, from Greece, Turkey, and Gaul.

“Romano-British craftspeople weren’t isolated from the rest of the ancient world, but were part of this wider network of trades passing their pattern catalogues down the generations. At Ketton, we’ve got Roman British craftsmanship but a Mediterranean heritage of design.”

Jim Irvine, who discovered the Ketton mosaic on his family farm in 2020, said: “Jane’s detailed research into the Rutland mosaic imagery reveals a level of cultural integration across the Roman world that we’re only just beginning to appreciate. It’s a fascinating and important development that suggests Roman Britain may have been far more cosmopolitan than we often imagine. The new paper is a suspenseful and thrilling narrative in its own right which deserves recognition.”

Rachel Cubitt, Post-Excavation Coordinator at Historic England, said: “Working in collaboration with the University of Leicester brings an added dimension to investigations at the Ketton villa site. This fascinating new research offers a more nuanced picture of the interests and influences of those who may have lived there, and of people living across Roman Britain at this time.”

Hella Eckhardt, Professor of Roman Archaeology at the University of Reading, who was not involved in the study, said: “This is an exciting piece of research, untangling the ways in which the stories of the Greek heroes Achilles and Hector were transmitted not just through texts but through a repertoire of images created by artists working in all sorts of materials, from pottery and silverware to paintings and mosaics.”

______________________________

Section of Panel 1 of the Ketton Mosaic shows Hector, prince of Troy, in his chariot. (©ULAS). ©ULAS

______________________________

Panel 2 of the Ketton Mosaic shows Achilles dragging the body of Hector behind his chariot, while Hector’s father Priam begs him for mercy. (©ULAS). ©ULAS

______________________________

Panel 3 of the Ketton Mosaic shows Priam, king of Troy, loading a set of scales with gold vessels, to match the weight of his son, Hector. This version of the story is based on the lost play, Phrygians by Aeschylus. Jen Browning from University of Leicester Archaeological Services was able to reconstuct the burnt section by tracing the outline of the tiles. (©ULAS). ©ULAS

______________________________

A second-century Roman coin from Ilium in Turkey, labelled ‘Hector’, is an earlier example of the same design. (RPC 4.2.120 @ RPC online). RPC 4.2.120 @ RPC online

______________________________

A first-century silver jug from Roman Gaul had already used same design. On the left, Achilles is sitting by his shield, surrounded by his guards. In the middle is Hector’s body in a huge set of scales, centred around a human face. At the right, king Priam in his distinctive hat and robe loads the scales with gold vessels, while his bodyguards look on. (Nineteenth-century line drawing of Berthouville Treasure, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France). Nineteenth-century line drawing of Berthouville Treasure, now in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France

______________________________

A Greek vase from ancient Athens uses the same design 800 years before the Ketton mosaic: the waving figure, shield, chariot group, running figure with arms out and even the snake curled beneath the horses all come from the same schematic. (Boston 63.473 © MFA Boston). Boston 63.473 © MFA Boston

______________________________

Article Source: University of Leicester news release.

Becoming human in southern Africa: What ancient hunter-gatherer genomes reveal

University of Johannesburg—In one of the largest African hunter-gatherer ancient-DNA studies to date, population geneticists from Uppsala University in Sweden, and a cognitive archaeologist from the University of Johannesburg, South Africa, analysed the DNA of 28 people who lived in southern Africa between 1200 and just a few hundred years ago. It contributes further evidence that southern African hunter-gatherers were some of the earliest human groups with a unique Homo sapiens genetic ancestry tracing back to about 300 000 years ago.

This could be done by peering behind the veil of recent migrations, providing a direct window into the region’s population history before large-scale movements that reshaped the continent’s genetic landscape.

Some sapiens-specific adaptations from southern Africa

They found 490 modern human or Homo sapiens specific genetic variants in the ancient southern African hunter-gatherers. Amongst these, immune-system related genes and genes related to kidney function were prevalent.

“When we examine all human genetic variation and look for evolutionary changes on the Homo sapiens lineage, we surprisingly find adaptations of kidney-functions as one of the most dramatic changes. This adaptation may be related to human’s specific water-retention and body-cooling system, which give us special endurance”, says population geneticist Mattias Jakobsson.

Three variants – not specific to all humans, but to the ancient southern Africans – were also located in genes associated with UV-light protection, skin-diseases, and/or skin-pigmentation. Different from the rainforests of central Africa, southern African’s more open ecologies with little natural shade, likely made it important for human foragers to develop UV-light protection genetically.

Most genes have many different functions, and akin to immunity and UV-light protection traits, some behavioural and cognitive traits are also largely heritable. It is therefore noteworthy that more than 40% of the Homo sapiens-specific genetic variants found in the ancient southern African hunter-gatherers are also associated with neurons for brain growth and cognitive traits, or the way that human brains process information today.

Out of southern Africa

Southern Africa may have been an ecological refuge for humans since a cold phase almost 200 000 years ago. Here hunter-gatherers thrived, adapting to a diverse landscape rich in plant and animal resources.

It seems that these southern hunter-gatherers did not mix again with other Africans until after 1400 years ago. By that time, the DNA from eastern African pastoralists, and western African farmers became apparent in southern African populations.

The results from this new study differ from previous linguistic, archaeological, and some early genetic studies, that saw contemporary southern African Khoe and San as the descendants of a once-widespread population that extended across much of southern, eastern, and northeastern Africa.

Instead, it shows that some genetic adaptations for becoming human in Africa were unique to southern African hunter-gatherers who lived in a relatively large, stable population for many millennia south of the Limpopo River.

After about 100-70 000 years ago, small groups of southern African hunter-gatherers may have wandered northwards, carrying several of their genetic signatures and perhaps also techno-behaviours with them.

For Stone Age and cognitive archaeologist from the University of Johannesburg, Marlize Lombard, “this is a meaningful outcome, suggesting that the complex thinking and techno-behaviours such as making compound adhesives or bowhunting, observed in the southern African archaeological record from about 100 000 years ago originated locally, probably trickling northward with the genes of local hunter-gatherers from about 70 000 years ago”.

Are the descendants of ancient hunter-gatherers still among us?

From the Limpopo Province in the north to the south coast of the Western Cape, and from Ballito Bay in KwaZulu-Natal to Augrabies in the Northern Cape, these ancient people almost all shared genetic markers (such as the mitochondrial L0d haplogroup) that are inherited from a single maternal ancestor.

These markers are still found in sub-Saharan Africa, mostly in San or Bushman people such as the Ju/’hoan in Namibia and Botswana, and the Karretjie Mense of South Africa. To a lesser extent the markers are also present in the Coloured population of South Africa, as well as in some Afrikaans speaking south Africans of European descent (mostly French and Dutch), who started to live in the Cape during the 17th century.

Many of the people currently living in South Africa are therefore the descendants of the original hunter-gatherer population to a greater or lesser degree.

Early population history

What excites co-author, Carina Schlebush, most: “is that these genomes provide an unadmixed view of early southern African population history. With increasing numbers of high-coverage ancient genomes, we are now approaching true population-level insights. This gives us a much clearer foundation for understanding how modern humans evolved across Africa”. 

Researchers do not yet understand everything that contributed to becoming human in southern Africa, or elsewhere.

The genomes of ancient southern African hunter-gatherers as one of the earliest Homo sapiens groups to split from a common ancestor, however, has a lot to offer. It shows, amongst other things, that genetic variation may still be hidden in other ancient African forager groups, as well as indigenous peoples from elsewhere on the globe for whom there are little available genetic data. Such data is important for advancing our understanding of human evolution.

For lead-author Mattias Jakobsson: “These ancient genomes tell us that southern Africa played a key role in the human journey, perhaps ‘the’ key role”.

____________________________

Funding

This project was funded by grants from the Knut and Alice Wallenberg foundation (to Mattias Jakobsson and to Carina Schlebush), the Swedish Research council (grant 2022-04642 to Mattias Jakobsson, grant 2023-02944 to Carina Schlebush) and South African National Research Foundation (African Origins Platform grant 98815 to Marlize Lombard).

Acknowledgements

Sequencing was performed at the SciLifeLab SNP&SEQ Technology Platform in Uppsala and the computations and data handling were enabled by resources provided by the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputing in Sweden (NAISS) at UPPMAX.

Sampling permits were obtained from the South African Heritage Resources Agency (SAHRA). We thank the staff at Bloemfontein Museum, the Florisbad Research Station and the School of Anatomical Sciences and Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand for facilitating work with the collections; the members of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) and the South African San Council for their support and facilitating fieldwork for the collections that involved modern-day Khoe-San groups published previously, also used in this study. We thank our brilliant and long-term collaborator and co-author J. Brink who sadly passed away during the course of this project.

____________________________

The Matjes River Rockshelter in the Western Cape, South Africa, 540 km east of Cape Town. Eight people who lived here between 10,200 and 3000 years ago contributed DNA to this study. Photo by Nicholas Wiltshire.

____________________________

Mandible of a hunter-gatherer woman who lived 7900 years ago at Matjes River Rockshelter in the Western Cape, South Africa, for whom a genome was reconstructed. Photo by Helena Malmström.

____________________________

Article Source: University of Johannesburg news release.

New archaeological study challenges the paleo diet, revealing humans have always eaten processed plant foods

University of Toronto—Humans evolved over hundreds of thousands of years to be the ultimate flexible eaters – chasing carbohydrates and fats from plant and animal sources alike. A new study* in the Journal of Archaeological Research by researchers at the Australian National University and the University of Toronto Mississauga reveals early humans were far from the Palaeolithic meat-eaters sometimes portrayed, but rather relied heavily on a wide range of plant and animal foods. 

“We often discuss plant use as if it only became important with the advent of agriculture,” said Dr. Anna Florin, co-author of The Broad Spectrum Species: Plant Use and Processing as Deep Time Adaptations. “However, new archaeological discoveries from around the world are telling us our ancestors were grinding wild seeds, pounding and cooking starchy tubers, and detoxifying bitter nuts many thousands of years before this.”  

The research highlights that humans are a “broad-spectrum species,” and our ability to use diverse plant resources has shaped our evolutionary trajectory.  

 “This ability to process plant foods allowed us to unlock key calories and nutrients, and to move into, and thrive in, a range of environments globally,” added Dr. Monica Ramsey, the other co-author of this study, emphasizing the importance of “processed plant foods” to early human diets. 

“Our species evolved as plant-loving, tool-using foodies who could turn almost anything into dinner,” said Ramsey. 

_____________________________

Article Source: University of Toronto news release.

*The Broad Spectrum Species: Plant Use and Processing as Deep Time Adaptations, Journal of Archaeological Research, 25-Nov-2025. 10.1007/s10814-025-09214-z 

Cover Image, Top Left: Pexels, Pixabay

Historical geography helps researchers solve 2,700-year old eclipse mystery

Nagoya University—An international team of researchers has used knowledge of historical geography to reexamine the earliest datable total solar eclipse record known to the scientific community, enabling accurate measurements of Earth’s variable rotation speed from 709 BCE. The researchers calculated how the Sun would have appeared from Qufu, the ancient Chinese capital of the Lu Duchy, during the total solar eclipse. Using this information, they analyzed the ancient description of what has been considered the solar corona—the dim outer atmosphere of the Sun visible to the naked eye only during total eclipses—and found that its morphology supports recent solar cycle reconstructions for the 8th century BCE. 

Their findings*, published in Astrophysical Journal Letters, provide reliable new data about Earth’s rotation speed during this period and suggest the Sun was becoming more active after a long quiet period, independently confirming what other scientists have found using radiocarbon analysis.

Finding the true location of an ancient capital 

The total solar eclipse occurred on 17 July 709 BCE and was reported from Lu Duchy Court. Its description was found in a chronicle titled the “Spring and Autumn Annals” that was compiled roughly 2-3 centuries after the eclipse. The event was recorded as “the Sun was totally eclipsed.”  

“What makes this record special isn’t just its age, but also a later addendum in the ‘Hanshu’ (Book of Han) based on a quote written seven centuries after the eclipse. It describes the eclipsed Sun as ‘completely yellow above and below.’ This addendum has been traditionally associated with a record of a solar corona. If this is truly the case, it represents one of the earliest surviving written descriptions of the solar corona,” lead author Hisashi Hayakawa, Assistant Professor from the Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research and Institute for Advanced Research at Nagoya University explained. 

When the researchers tried to verify the solar eclipse record using modern astronomical calculations and reconstructions of Earth’s rotation speed, they found that a total eclipse would not have been visible from the Lu Court at Qufu. They realized earlier studies had missed the exact location of the ancient city. 

To correct the coordinates of ancient Qufu the researchers used knowledge of historical geography, consulting archaeological excavation reports of the ancient city. They found that previous studies used coordinates that were some eight kilometers away from the true location.  

“This correction allowed us to accurately measure the Earth’s rotation during the total eclipse, calculate the orientation of the Sun’s rotation axis, and simulate the corona’s appearance,” explained Hayakawa, who holds PhDs in both solar physics and oriental history. 

China developed exceptional traditions for astronomical records because ancient dynasties hired experts to monitor celestial events for omenological reasons—the practice of interpreting celestial events as omens or signs. They believed strange sky phenomena indicated political wrongdoing by emperors, which motivated careful tracking of eclipses, auroras, and other astronomical events. Consequently, this systematic record-keeping across multiple dynasties has given China some of the world’s best ancient eclipse records. 

While the 709 BCE event represents the earliest explicit written mention of a total solar eclipse and possibly the earliest surviving description that refers to a solar corona, Hayakawa and his colleagues raise caveats on the reliability of the corona description because it appears only in the Hanshu as a quote written some seven centuries after the event. Although questions remain about the reliability of the later corona description, the eclipse timing itself is based on scientific consensus and provides reliable new information on Earth’s rotation and potential independent support for recent solar cycle studies. 

When Earth spun faster and the Sun was quieter 

Our planet spins slightly slower now than it did 2,700 years ago because of several factors including friction from ocean tides caused by the Moon’s gravity. Using the corrected coordinates, the team derived new accurate measurements of Earth’s rotation speed in the 8th to 6th centuries BCE.  

The study revealed that delta T (ΔT), a parameter for the Earth’s rotation speed variability, during this eclipse was between 20,264 and 21,204 seconds. “This new dataset fixes coordinate errors in previous Earth rotation studies. Additionally, it improves the accuracy of dating and reconstructing historical astronomical events,” Mitsuru Sôma, coauthor from the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan said. 

The research also supports recent solar cycle studies based on radiocarbon data from tree rings. “This unique historical addendum for the possible solar coronal structure is critical for providing a spot reference on solar activity reconstructions from tree rings and ice cores, as well as providing independent validation of solar activity models,” Mathew Owens, coauthor and professor of Space Physics at the University of Reading explained.  

During photosynthesis, trees absorb carbon, including radiocarbon, which is stored in their annual growth rings. Because radiocarbon concentrations reflect past cosmic ray levels and cosmic rays decrease when solar activity increases, scientists measure these concentrations to track solar activity over time and reconstruct past solar cycles.  

Approximately every 11 years the Sun cycles between more-active and less-active phases. Sometimes this pattern is interrupted by longer quiet periods called “grand minima” when the Sun produces only stray sunspots. The eclipse occurred just after the end of a period of decreased solar activity known as the “Neo Assyrian Grand Minimum” or “Homer Grand Minimum,” lasting from 808 to 717 BCE.  

Morphologically, the ancient observers’ descriptions of the probable coronal structure suggest the Sun had come back to regular solar cycles with substantial magnetic activity by 709 BCE and reached the peak of its 11-year cycle. This result supports what other scientists have reconstructed using tree ring data. 

This interdisciplinary study demonstrates how ancient human observations continue to provide invaluable scientific data. “Some of our ancestors were very skilled observers,” Dr. Meng Jin, coauthor from the Lockheed Martin Solar and Astrophysics Laboratory, noted. “When we combine their careful records with modern computational methods and historical evidence, we can potentially find new information about our planet and our star from thousands of years ago.”  

___________________________

Ancient Chinese text from the Spring and Autumn Annals that contains humanity’s earliest datable written record of a total solar eclipse from 709 BCE. The text states “In autumn, in the seventh month, on the renchen day, the first day of the month, the Sun was totally eclipsed.” The term “renchen” refers to a specific day in the traditional Chinese 60-day calendar cycle. Image courtesy of the National Archives of Japan

___________________________

Later Chinese historical text from the “Hanshu” (Book of Han), an official dynastic history, providing additional details about the 709 BCE eclipse. This source includes the description that the eclipsed Sun appeared “completely yellow above and below,” which scientists regard as a description of the solar corona. Image courtesy of the National Archives of Japan

___________________________

Artist’s interpretation of an ancient total solar eclipse. This illustration is based on artistic imagination and does not represent the exact appearance of the eclipse recorded in 709 BCE. Kano Okada, Nagoya University (Based on an image by Phil Hart: https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap240402.html)

___________________________

Article Source: Nagoya University news release.

Mapping the Luwian Lands: How 483 Forgotten Settlements Are Redrawing the Map of the Bronze Age

Eberhard Zangger (born 1958 in Kamen, Germany) is a German–Swiss archaeologist and geologist. He earned his master’s degree in archaeology and anthropology from Harvard University and his PhD in geology from Stanford University. Zangger served as a senior research associate in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Cambridge. In 2014, he established the foundation Luwian Studies, which he has chaired as president of the board ever since.

Alper Aşınmaz is an archaeologist and geospatial and data science expert, specializing in digital applications in archaeology, cultural heritage management, and settlement pattern analysis. Since 2009, he has contributed to archaeological projects in Türkiye. He is the principal researcher responsible for developing the technical aspects of LuwianSiteAtlas, which took place since 2024.

Serdal Mutlu is an archaeologist with a degree from Selçuk University in Konya.

A new open-access database has revealed 483 Bronze Age settlements in western Anatolia – an area long treated as a blank spot on the archaeological map. This unprecedented overview illuminates the cultural landscape around Troy and challenges long-standing Eurocentric assumptions. Together, these findings help redraw the political and economic geography of the Late Bronze Age.

For a combination of historical and disciplinary reasons, leading voices in Mediterranean archaeology have – at times deliberately, at times inadvertently – overlooked an important independent cultural sphere. This observation lies at the heart of, and ultimately motivated, the creation of the private foundation Luwian Studies in 2014.

In western Türkiye (aka Asia Minor or Anatolia) – across from Greece, in the region that encompasses Troy and the later classical cities of Ephesus, Pergamon, and Miletus – there once flourished a Bronze Age cultural landscape distinct from both Mycenaean Greece to the west and Hittite Anatolia to the east. Its achievements include a suite of Indo-European and Anatolian languages, foremost among them Luwian, as well as a unique writing system that endured for more than a millennium: the Luwian hieroglyphs.

____________________________

A map of the cultural zones traditionally identified in the northeastern Mediterranean leaves western Asia Minor conspicuously blank – even though this region includes renowned sites such as Troy and is rich in natural resources (Luwian Studies #0109).

____________________________

Because this cultural sphere has remained largely neglected, Mediterranean archaeology has long struggled with a series of fundamental questions it has been unable to resolve. Among them: Who were the Sea Peoples? What triggered the sudden fall of the Hittite Empire? Was there a Trojan War? And how did the far-reaching collapse at the end of the Bronze Age unfold?

Although the proposition – derived from theoretical considerations – that an independent Luwian cultural sphere once existed in what is now western Türkiye was formulated more than three decades ago, it has only now gained a solid empirical foundation. A new publication, “An interoperable catalogue of Middle and Late Bronze Age settlements in western Anatolia (c. 2000–1200 BCE),” has just appeared in Nature Scientific Data. In it, archaeologists, geologists and geodata specialists present a publicly accessible database identifying 483 major settlements dating to the Middle and Late Bronze Age in western Anatolia, west of an imagined Eskişehir–Antalya line. This resource makes the entire state of archaeological knowledge in the region available to researchers and the broader public worldwide.

Greece, on the western shore of the Aegean Sea, has been a field of intensive archaeological exploration since the first systematic excavations in Olympia (1875) and Mycenae (1876). Although the archaeological significance of the cities along the eastern Aegean coast is well known from prominent excavations at classical sites, the level of cultural development in the preceding Late Bronze Age has never been systematically charted. This absence is not accidental. For more than a century, the statutes of the German Archaeological Institute prevented it from working outside the Greco-Roman cultural sphere. The underlying aim was to provide a politically fragmented Europe with an ideologically unified, Eurocentric foundation by amassing comprehensive knowledge of – and often idealizing – the achievements of classical antiquity. The educational reforms initiated by Wilhelm von Humboldt in the 1820s pursued the same goal and ultimately cemented it. As a result, Eurocentrism has become so deeply ingrained in archaeological research that it has long since been internalized and rarely questioned.

Yet the need for this ideology has long since faded. What has not happened, however, is a fundamental revision of textbooks or prevailing scholarly opinions – simply because the necessary factual basis was missing. For roughly 150 years, research focused overwhelmingly on Greco-Roman antiquity, leaving little room for alternative cultural narratives. In such circumstances, where could a broader body of knowledge have come from?

It was for this reason that, as early as 2011, we began assembling a catalogue of archaeological sites beyond the traditional Greek sphere of influence – on the eastern side of the Aegean. Excavations had been carried out there as well, though not in comparable numbers, and a number of archaeological surface surveys had taken place. We systematically evaluated both: 33 excavations and 33 surveys, which together produced 445 scientific publications, most of them written in Turkish. By now making this bibliography available, these works – many of which were previously difficult for non-Turkish speakers to access – now enter the international conversation for the first time.

____________________________

Relief map of western Türkiye showing 33 excavated Bronze Age sites (white dots), 483 known settlement locations (black dots), and the areas covered by 33 archaeological surveys (Luwian Studies #0102).

____________________________

With meticulous attention to detail, archaeologist Serdal Mutlu systematically reviewed these publications to identify and catalog sites that were inhabited between 2000 and 1200 BCE – that is, during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. His work culminated in a 2016 catalogue of 340 sites, initially compiled in a locally stored Excel file. The dataset was later broadened to its present total of 483 settlements, informed both by geospatial analyses that aided in identifying additional sites and by Alper Aşınmaz’s systematic evaluation of relevant online databases.

To be included in the catalogue, now called LuwianSiteAtlas, a site had to meet a series of clearly defined criteria. It needed, among other things, a minimum diameter of 100 meters – large enough to constitute at least a village settlement with several hundred inhabitants. A single farmstead, by contrast, would not qualify. Moreover, the site had to show continuous occupation throughout the second millennium BCE, possess a discernible toponym, and be precisely locatable by geographic coordinates.

By making the material available as an online database, archaeological research in western Asia Minor is advancing not only epistemologically but also methodologically. We migrated the dataset from flat spreadsheets into a relational MySQL database. Clearly defined entities – settlements, time periods, attributes, toponyms, and bibliography – are now structured for rapid and flexible queries. Through a structured ETL (extract–transform–load) workflow, duplicates were removed, terminology was standardized, and all coordinates were cross-checked against published reports to ensure referential integrity.

__________________________

The LuwianSiteMap allows users to focus on specific regions or data categories, such as settlement types or chronological phases (Luwian Studies #0243).

__________________________

The site catalogue is thus no longer a private working list but a fully public resource, accessible online and – even on the go – via smartphone. An interactive map, the LuwianSiteMap, allows visitors to filter by site type, period, or region; navigate to individual settlement pages; and export search results as CSV or JSON files for further analysis. The platform is optimized for both desktop and mobile use and relies on open-source web-mapping libraries, keeping the learning curve shallow even for non-specialists.

What “483 Sites” Really Means

To assess how readily the sites in our study area – roughly the size of Germany (c. 373,000 km²) – can be detected on vertical aerial imagery, we searched for each location in Google Earth’s multitemporal satellite archive. Approximately 80% of the sites reported in the literature could already be identified directly on the satellite images. Over the course of more than a decade of fieldwork, we also visited the majority of these locations and documented them photographically.

The catalogue is comprehensive, but not exhaustive. Since systematic surface surveys were introduced in the 1980s, roughly half of western Anatolia has been surveyed – albeit with varying intensity. Much of the remaining terrain consists of steep rocky landscapes or densely forested areas. Even so, it is reasonable to assume that the actual number of Bronze Age settlements was at least twice as high as the number documented today. Some sites will have been eroded beyond recognition; others lie buried beneath alluvial deposits in major floodplains.

The resulting LuwianSiteMap displays more than simple points on a screen. Users can select among five different base maps – ranging from satellite imagery to road and relief maps – making the logic behind ancient settlement choices immediately apparent. The availability of fertile farmland was a decisive factor in choosing a place to settle. Communities typically avoided the floodplains themselves, establishing villages instead on slightly elevated ground at their margins – close to reliable water sources yet safely above seasonal inundation. Hilltops were selected where they commanded strategic passes, and such vantage points were often fortified. Along major trade routes, settlements appear at roughly 17-kilometer intervals, approximating a day’s travel. On the coast, they align with natural harbors, while locations where several geographic advantages coincided developed into regional trading hubs.

_______________________________

Seyitömer Höyük is a typical Luwian settlement – fully excavated only because the site had to be cleared for coal mining (© Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums, Department of Excavations and Research; Luwian Studies #0255).

_______________________________

The map also features a dynamic chronological table that displays the time spans of the sites visible in any chosen view. When zoomed out, broader patterns and regional trends emerge at once. The tool can measure distances and areas within seconds, allowing users to trace corridors between plains and uplands or to sketch the probable extent of an ancient city with ease.

Another strength of the online atlas lies in its integration with external resources. From any site description, users can jump directly to linked entries in Pleiades, Wikidata, iDAI.gazetteer, GeoNames, Nomisma, and related repositories. Cross-platform comparisons become possible with a single click.

Behind this capability sits a considerable technological infrastructure – which we need not unpack in full here (involving Python scripts, API queries, URIs, and RDF data built on standards such as CIDOC-CRM and Dublin Core, all running on a virtual server). What matters for users is the practical result: a network of machine-readable links that connect settlements, periods, and cultural contexts in a consistent, interoperable structure.

LuwianSiteAtlas is licensed for public use under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0. The dataset is also archived in an open repository (Zenodo), where it can be queried, filtered, and downloaded – allowing others to extend the catalogue, test its assumptions, or adapt the workflow for their own research needs. Since the public version of the database was introduced in November 2024, the platform has been migrated to a virtual server and integrated more deeply into the Semantic Web. In practice, this means richer machine-readable relationships between settlements, time spans, and cultural horizons; the ability to run queries across multiple repositories; and smoother interoperability with digital-humanities tools. For users, the benefits translate into clearer connections, faster exports, and more intelligent searches. For research, the effect is cumulative: formerly isolated datasets can now communicate with one another.

_______________________________

A remarkable vessel from Seyitömer Höyük reflects the distinctive artistic traditions of the Luwian cultural sphere (© Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism, General Directorate of Cultural Heritage and Museums, Department of Excavations and Research; Luwian Studies #0256).

_______________________________

What is the practical value of having such an online database? Until now, the political geography of western Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age has been viewed largely through the lens of Hittite imperial policy, simply because most of what we know derives from the archives of the Hittite capital at Hattusa (modern Boğazkale). More than 33,000 documents and fragments, largely written in Akkadian cuneiform, have been recovered from its libraries. These texts speak, for example, of confrontations with Ahhiyawa and Millawanda, and countless scholarly studies have examined these sources in detail.

This elevated, text-driven perspective – essentially the view from the Hittite court – can now be complemented by evidence for the actual economic and spatial organization of the region. We can examine how large a settlement’s catchment area was, how densely its networks were structured, and how closely communities clustered around critical mineral resources. The capacity to study these relationships on a regional scale is entirely new for western Anatolia. And because the data can be exported cleanly into GIS, anyone can conduct their own cluster analyses, proximity studies, or route models to explore how topography and water corridors guided the movement of goods – whether between inland plains and coastal ports or along the foothills linking one valley system to the next.

LuwianSiteAtlas thus provides solid empirical support for the thesis that an independent cultural sphere once existed in western Asia Minor – namely the Luwian culture. The region long remained a blank space on the archaeological map partly because Sir Arthur Evans, the founder of Aegean prehistory, declined to place Troy within its broader regional context when publishing his work on the excavations at Knossos in the 1920s. At a time when Greece and the newly founded Turkish Republic were engaged in a bitter conflict over the legacy of the Ottoman Empire, Evans defined only the cultures situated on European soil – the Minoan, Mycenaean, and Cycladic – as relevant for future research. Troy and Hattusa were effectively left outside this framework. The political and ideological bias embedded in this early scholarly tradition continues to shape perceptions to this day.

____________________________

Despite generations of research at the citadel of Troy (in the foreground), the extensive Karamenderes floodplain directly beside it has never been examined archaeologically – a striking gap in our understanding of the site’s wider setting. (With kind permission of the Çanakkale Provincial Directorate of Culture and Tourism; Luwian Studies #2109).

____________________________

This fingernail-sized bronze seal is the only written document ever recovered from Bronze Age Troy. Inscribed with Luwian hieroglyphs, it provides a singular glimpse into the site’s broader cultural milieu. (Luwian Studies #0540).

____________________________

It was never a plausible assumption. Western Türkiye is richer in natural and strategic resources than any other region of the eastern Mediterranean. It offers exceptionally fertile farmland, extensive forests for timber, and some of the richest ore deposits of gold, silver, lead, and copper in the ancient world. Its perennial rivers carry more water than those of neighboring regions, and its coastline provides the greatest concentration of natural harbors. Land routes and waterways converge here, connecting three continents and four seas.

Literacy appeared in western Asia Minor earlier than in Greece and continued there uninterrupted while Greece remained without writing for four centuries during the Dark Ages. The Amarna letters of Pharaoh Akhenaten (c. 1351–1334 BC) contain no correspondence with Greek rulers, but they do include letters exchanged with the king of Arzawa in western Anatolia. Three of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World were located in this region. Nearly all major Greek thinkers before Socrates hailed from western Asia Minor.

______________________________

Luwian hieroglyphic script was the third major writing system, after cuneiform and Egyptian hieroglyphs, to spread across the eastern Mediterranean. It was used from about 2000 to 700 BCE (Luwian Studies #0525)

______________________________

The Uluburun shipwreck – shown here in a reconstruction at the Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Bodrum – illuminates the commodities and international maritime routes that linked the Luwian coastal regions to the wider Bronze Age world (Luwian Studies #1600).

______________________________

Powerful early states – such as the Lydian kingdom, which Herodotus, himself from this region and later praised by Cicero as the “father of historiography,” describes as surpassing all others – flourished here on a cultural substrate inherited from the Late Bronze Age. The same is true for the great Greek and Roman cities of Ephesus, Miletus, Pergamon, and many more.

For nearly three millennia, Troy occupied a central place in the European imagination. Cities were modeled on Troy; aristocratic lineages traced their descent to its royal house. Throughout the Middle Ages, for at least four hundred years, accounts of the Trojan War ranked among the most widely read works among Europe’s educated classes. Only after the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and the second Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683 did pressure mount on Europe’s intellectual elites to construct a new worldview – one in which Ottoman culture and its predecessors were cast as the adversary. This shift laid the foundation for a Eurocentric ideology that continues to shape perceptions today.

If we wish to address the unresolved questions of Mediterranean archaeology outlined at the beginning, we must inevitably bring Troy and the culture of its surrounding regions – the Luwians – into our reconstructions. Once we do so, long-standing puzzles begin to fall into place: who the Sea Peoples were, why the Hittite kingdom collapsed, and whether there was, in fact, something akin to a Trojan War. With LuwianSiteAtlas, we have now taken a significant step toward answering these questions.

_____________________________

Scientific publication

Aşınmaz, Alper, Serdal Mutlu, and Eberhard Zangger. 2025. “An Interoperable Catalogue of Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlements in Western Anatolia (c. 2000–1200 BCE).” Nature Scientific Data, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-06241-9.

Launched in 2011, the project has been supported throughout by funding from Luwian Studies.