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Preserving the Past: Creating Photo Books to Document Archaeological Expeditions

Photographs capture details that written descriptions often miss. Soil color variation. Tool marks. Spatial relationships. Lighting conditions. These details help researchers interpret context long after excavation.

Images also support transparency. They allow other researchers to review interpretations and methods. Clear visual documentation strengthens credibility and reproducibility.

According to the Society for American Archaeology, more than 80% of archaeological data comes from contextual information, not individual artifacts. Photographs play a critical role in preserving that context.

The Limits of Digital Storage Alone

Digital photography improved field documentation, but it introduced new risks. Files can be lost. Metadata can be stripped. Software becomes obsolete.

Digital archives often lack narrative structure. Thousands of images sit in folders without clear sequencing or explanation. Over time, context erodes.

Physical photo books provide structure. They force selection, organization, and explanation. This process mirrors traditional field reporting, but with stronger visual emphasis.

Photo Books as Extended Field Notes

Photo books function as curated visual field journals. They combine images, captions, maps, and notes into a single reference.

A well-designed photo book documents the excavation process from start to finish. Site overview. Trench opening. Stratigraphic changes. Feature exposure. Artifact recovery. Final interpretation.

Each image supports a moment in the story. Captions explain what changed and why it mattered. The result is a coherent visual narrative that complements formal reports.

Supporting Teaching and Public Outreach

Photo books are not just for researchers. They are powerful tools for teaching and public engagement.

Students benefit from visual walkthroughs of real excavations. Seeing progression helps them understand methodology. It also prepares them for fieldwork.

Museums and outreach programs use photo books to share discoveries with non-specialist audiences. Clear visuals make complex processes accessible without oversimplifying them.

Printed materials also work well in settings where screens are impractical or distracting.

Designing Effective Archaeological Photo Books

Good photo books are selective, not exhaustive. Quality matters more than quantity.

Images should be sharp, well-lit, and relevant. Each photo should serve a purpose. Redundant or unclear images weaken the narrative.

Captions are essential. They should identify location, context, date, and significance. Maps and section drawings help orient the reader.

Many archaeologists choose quality photo books because durable binding and print clarity matter when books are used repeatedly for reference, teaching, or archival storage.

Preservation and Longevity

Printed photo books provide a stable backup to digital archives. They do not rely on software updates or file compatibility. They can be stored, cataloged, and accessed decades later.

Libraries and research institutions often prefer physical documentation for long-term preservation. Photo books meet archival needs while remaining easy to use.

They also protect against selective loss. If a digital archive becomes corrupted, a curated photo book preserves the most important visual data.

Ethical and Professional Considerations

Visual documentation carries responsibility. Images should respect site integrity and cultural sensitivity. Human remains and sacred objects require careful consideration.

Photo books offer controlled presentation. Images are contextualized rather than circulated freely online. This helps maintain ethical standards while still sharing knowledge.

Professional presentation also reflects on the discipline. Clear, well-organized documentation builds trust with stakeholders, communities, and funding bodies.

When to Create Photo Books During a Project

Some teams compile photo books after excavation. Others create interim versions during long-term projects.

Ongoing documentation allows teams to review progress, identify gaps, and refine methods. Final versions then serve as complete project records.

The process itself improves documentation habits.

Final Thoughts

Archaeology depends on careful recording. Once a site is excavated, its original state cannot be recovered. Photographs help preserve that information, but only when they are organized and contextualized.

Photo books transform digital images into lasting records. They support research, teaching, outreach, and preservation. They bridge the gap between raw data and meaningful interpretation.

In a field defined by responsibility to the past, thoughtful documentation remains one of the most important tools archaeologists have.

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Cover Image, Top Left: Pexels, Pixabay

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Field Clothing That Works: A Guide for Archaeologists

Archaeological fieldwork demands more than knowledge and patience. It demands physical endurance. Long hours in the sun. Sudden weather changes. Rough terrain. Clothing plays a major role in how well archaeologists perform under those conditions.

The right gear keeps you cool, dry, and protected. The wrong choices lead to fatigue, distraction, and even injury. Field clothing is not about style. It is about function.

This guide breaks down practical clothing strategies that help archaeologists stay comfortable and focused in the field.

Why Clothing Matters in Archaeology

Fieldwork places constant stress on the body. Digging, walking, lifting, and kneeling repeat for hours. Clothing that traps heat or moisture makes that stress worse.

Overheating reduces concentration. Damp clothing causes chafing and skin irritation. Poor protection leads to sunburn, insect bites, and scrapes.

According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, heat stress is one of the leading causes of work-related illness in outdoor occupations, and proper clothing is a key prevention factor.

Comfort directly affects performance and safety.

Choosing Fabrics That Regulate Temperature

Fabric choice matters more than most people expect. Cotton feels comfortable at first, but it holds moisture. Once wet, it dries slowly and pulls heat from the body.

Synthetic blends and merino wool perform better. These fabrics wick sweat away from the skin and dry quickly. They help regulate body temperature during long days in the sun.

Lightweight, breathable materials reduce heat buildup. Stretch fabrics improve mobility when kneeling or reaching.

Look for clothing designed for active use, not casual wear.

Layering for Changing Conditions

Field conditions change quickly. Cool mornings turn into hot afternoons. Wind picks up. Rain appears without warning.

Layering allows flexibility. A lightweight base layer manages moisture. A long-sleeve overshirt protects against sun and insects. A packable outer layer blocks wind or rain.

Layers should be easy to remove and store. Bulky clothing slows movement and adds fatigue.

The goal is adaptability, not warmth alone.

Sun Protection Without Overheating

Sun exposure is unavoidable on most sites. Protection matters, especially during extended seasons.

Long sleeves often protect better than sunscreen alone. Wide-brim hats shield the face and neck. Light-colored fabrics reflect heat.

UPF-rated clothing adds another layer of defense. It reduces UV exposure without relying on constant reapplication of sunscreen.

Consistent sun protection supports long-term health.

Pants Built for Movement and Durability

Field pants take the most abuse. They scrape against soil, rocks, and tools. They stretch with every movement.

Durable pants with reinforced knees and flexible fabric perform best. Secure pockets keep small tools and notebooks accessible.

Some teams use standardized clothing for cohesion and identification. Items like track uniforms or coordinated athletic wear can offer lightweight comfort while supporting team visibility during surveys, field schools, or public-facing projects.

Function should always come before appearance.

Footwear That Supports Long Days

Footwear choices affect energy levels. Uneven ground stresses ankles and knees. Poor support leads to soreness and injury.

Sturdy boots with ankle support work well for excavation. Trail shoes may suit survey work on lighter terrain. Breathability matters as much as grip.

Footwear should be broken in before fieldwork begins. New boots cause blisters. Blisters slow teams down.

Comfortable feet support longer, safer days.

Staying Dry in Wet or Humid Environments

Moisture management is critical. Sweat, rain, and humidity all affect comfort.

Quick-drying clothing reduces irritation. Ventilated designs improve airflow. Waterproof layers should still allow breathability.

Avoid heavy rain gear unless conditions demand it. Overheating inside waterproof clothing creates new problems.

Balance protection with airflow.

Insect and Abrasion Protection

Field sites often include tall grass, brush, and insects. Long pants and sleeves protect against cuts and bites.

Tightly woven fabrics resist abrasion better than thin knits. Light colors make ticks easier to spot.

Some clothing includes insect-repellent treatments. These can be useful in high-risk environments.

Protection reduces distractions and health risks.

Professional Appearance in the Field

Archaeologists often work near the public, landowners, or construction crews. Clothing contributes to professionalism and trust.

Clean, coordinated gear helps teams look organized. It signals responsibility and respect for the site.

Practical clothing can still present a professional image.

Final Thoughts

Field clothing is equipment. It supports safety, efficiency, and endurance. The right choices reduce fatigue and help archaeologists focus on the work that matters.

Breathable fabrics, smart layering, durable pants, supportive footwear, and proper sun protection all contribute to better field performance. Comfort is not a luxury in archaeology. It is a tool.

When clothing works with you instead of against you, fieldwork becomes more productive and sustainable.

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Cover Image: mozlase_, Pixabay

Field Archaeology Essentials: Gear That Gets You Through a Dig

Every archaeological dig begins long before the first trench is opened. Preparation determines whether fieldwork runs smoothly or turns into daily frustration. Conditions are rarely ideal. Weather shifts. Terrain varies. Days are long. Mistakes cost time and data.

Field archaeologists rely on equipment that supports precision, endurance, and safety. Some tools are obvious. Others are often overlooked. All play a role in protecting both the site and the people working on it.

This guide breaks down essential equipment for field archaeologists and explains why each piece matters.

Clothing That Works as Hard as You Do

Fieldwork is physical. You kneel, crouch, lift, walk long distances, and repeat those motions for hours. Clothing needs to handle abrasion, dirt, heat, and sudden weather changes.

Durable pants are especially important. Many archaeologists choose tactical pants because they offer reinforced seams, flexible fabric, and secure pockets. These features help when carrying small tools, notebooks, or GPS devices while moving across uneven ground.

Layering matters as well. Lightweight base layers help regulate temperature. Long sleeves protect against sun, insects, and brush. Hats shield your face and improve visibility in bright conditions.

Comfort is not a luxury in the field. It directly affects focus and productivity.

Footwear Designed for Uneven Terrain

Dig sites rarely offer flat ground. You walk over rocks, loose soil, and exposed roots. Proper footwear prevents injury and fatigue.

Look for boots with ankle support, strong tread, and breathable materials. Waterproofing helps in damp environments, but breathability matters more in hot climates.

Blisters and ankle strain slow teams down. Good boots keep you moving.

Hand Tools That Protect Context

Archaeology is about control. Tools must remove soil without damaging artifacts or stratigraphy.

Trowels remain the most iconic tool in the field. Square-ended trowels allow clean edges and controlled scraping. Brushes remove loose soil from delicate surfaces. Dental picks and bamboo tools help around fragile materials.

Each tool serves a purpose. Switching tools at the right moment protects context and preserves information.

Measuring and Recording Equipment

Data collection is as important as excavation. Without accurate records, discoveries lose meaning.

Essential measuring tools include measuring tapes, line levels, plumb bobs, and folding rulers. These help maintain straight trench walls and consistent depths.

Surveying tools like total stations and GPS units provide precise location data. Even small sites benefit from accurate spatial recording.

According to the Society for American Archaeology, over 90% of archaeological information comes from context rather than artifacts themselves, making careful measurement and documentation critical.

Notebooks, Forms, and Digital Devices

Field notes are permanent records. They capture observations that photos cannot.

Many archaeologists still prefer waterproof notebooks and pencils because they work in all conditions. Standardized forms help ensure consistency across team members.

Digital tools now complement traditional methods. Tablets and smartphones support GIS apps, photo logs, and real-time data syncing. However, battery life and weather resistance remain concerns. Paper backups are still essential.

Redundancy protects data.

Protective Gear for Safety and Compliance

Safety is non-negotiable. Field sites involve sharp tools, heavy lifting, and environmental hazards.

Gloves protect hands during excavation and screening. Eye protection helps in dusty conditions. Sunscreen and insect repellent prevent long-term health issues. First aid kits should always be accessible.

Hard hats and high-visibility vests may be required on construction-linked projects. Compliance with safety standards protects both workers and research permits.

Storage and Transport Solutions

Artifacts and samples need protection from the moment they are uncovered.

Plastic bags, acid-free labels, and sample containers keep materials organized. Permanent markers and pre-printed tags reduce labeling errors.

Backpacks and field bags help transport tools and finds without damage. Compartments prevent cross-contamination.

Clear organization saves time and prevents loss.

Identification and Team Visibility

Large field projects involve multiple teams. Clear identification improves coordination and security.

Many projects use labeled clothing or badges to identify staff roles. Some teams choose woven patches for durability and clarity. These patches hold up well in dusty, wet conditions and help distinguish teams without relying on disposable materials.

Visibility supports professionalism and site management.

Environmental Protection Equipment

Weather can disrupt even the best-planned dig.

Tarps protect open trenches from rain and sun. Shade structures reduce heat stress. Water containers support hydration in remote areas.

Monitoring weather forecasts and preparing accordingly prevents damage to exposed features and reduces health risks.

Prepared teams adapt faster.

Screening and Sampling Tools

Screens separate artifacts from soil efficiently. Different mesh sizes capture different materials.

Buckets, sample bags, and flotation equipment support environmental sampling. These tools help recover botanical remains, small bones, and micro-artifacts that inform site interpretation.

Sampling expands what a site can tell us beyond visible objects.

Final Thoughts

Field archaeology depends on preparation. The right equipment supports accuracy, safety, and endurance. It also protects the archaeological record, which cannot be replaced once disturbed.

From durable clothing and reliable tools to recording systems and safety gear, every item plays a role. Thoughtful preparation allows archaeologists to focus on discovery rather than discomfort or damage.

A successful dig is rarely about luck. It is about readiness.

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Cover Image, Top Left: JamesDeMers, Pixabay

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A Workplace Time Capsule: Archaeology in the Office Setting

Sujain Thomas is a passionate freelance writer with a deep love for uncovering the past. Fascinated by archaeology, history, and the hidden stories of ancient civilizations, she enjoys bringing timeless knowledge to life through her writing. When she isn’t exploring historical topics, Sujain is often reading, traveling to heritage sites, or researching the cultural roots of modern life. She also contributes to resources like Plomberie 5 Étoiles that highlight expertise in modern plumbing and water systems.

Archaeology is widely associated with ancient ruins, lost civilizations, buried temples, and forgotten artifacts. However, archaeology is not limited to dusty landscapes or long-abandoned settlements. At its core, archaeology is the study of material culture—the physical objects people leave behind and what those objects reveal about society, behavior, and time.
When viewed through this lens, even the modern workplace becomes a rich archaeological landscape. From office layouts to discarded documents, from technology to coffee mugs, today’s offices silently document the patterns, values, and routines of contemporary human life.

This article explores how archaeologists interpret workplaces as cultural sites, what future researchers might uncover about our work habits, and how modern office environments—from open floor plans to the classic Office Cubicle—function as meaningful time capsules of the 21st-century professional world.

The Concept of Modern Archaeology

Modern archaeology has expanded far beyond excavations of antiquity. It now includes:

  • Contemporary archaeology
  • Industrial archaeology
  • Digital archaeology
  • Urban archaeology
  • Workplace and organizational archaeology

These branches examine how people live today—and how future generations might interpret our lifestyles based on the objects, structures, and digital traces we leave behind.

The idea that an everyday environment like an office could hold archaeological significance is rooted in a core principle: humans express culture through material things. Whether it is a clay pot or a laptop charger, objects reveal human habits, values, and relationships.

Why Offices Matter as Archaeological Sites

For centuries, workplaces have shaped human society—factories, farms, workshops, trading centers, and later, corporate offices. Today’s office is a social ecosystem defined by:

  • Roles and hierarchy
  • Technology
  • Rituals and routines
  • Spatial organization
  • Cultural and behavioral norms

Archaeologists study workplaces the same way they study villages or ancient settlements: by examining spaces, objects, and interactions.

Key Archaeological Questions Apply to Offices Too

  1. How is space used?
    Just as archaeologists study room layouts in ancient houses, they examine modern office design to understand work culture.
  2. What objects dominate the environment?
    Stone tools once revealed hunting patterns; today, keyboards, sticky notes, and ergonomic chairs reveal patterns of digital labor.
  3. What does the “debris” say about daily life?
    Trash bins, old documents, expired ID cards, coffee cups — these items tell an intimate story of how workers navigate their routine.
  4. How do people interact with their surroundings?
    Placement of personal objects, choice of workspace, and decoration style reflect individuality and cultural norms.

The Office as a Micro-Society

A workplace mirrors society on a smaller scale. Each office contains:

1. Social Hierarchies

Archaeologists studying ancient palaces and villages look for signs of power.
In offices, hierarchy appears through:

  • Private cabins for managers
  • Larger desks for senior staff
  • Assigned vs. hot-desking spaces
  • Access to technology or restricted areas

Spatial patterns reflect authority, decision-making power, and organizational values.

2. Rituals and Routines

Like religious or cultural rituals in ancient societies, modern offices have their own routines:

  • Morning coffee gathering
  • Weekly team meetings
  • End-of-month reporting cycles
  • Workplace celebrations and events

Archaeologists interpret these repetitive behaviors as cultural practices that shape identity and community.

3. Material Culture

Workplaces contain a vast collection of objects:

  • Stationery
  • Laptops, tablets, cables
  • Whiteboards with erased or partial notes
  • Coffee mugs with messages
  • Keycards, tags, access badges
  • Waste paper
  • Old manuals and training booklets

Each object holds clues about technology, habits, and social norms in the workplace.

What Future Archaeologists Might Discover About Us

Imagine a future researcher discovering a preserved office from 2024. What would they interpret about our society?

1. Digital Dependency

The presence of multiple screens, chargers, docking stations, headsets, and webcams would suggest a society heavily dependent on digital communication.

2. Pandemic Adaptation

Masks, sanitizer bottles, safety posters, and remote-work equipment would indicate a major global event that reshaped work culture.

3. Work-Life Balance Struggles

Objects such as stress balls, motivational posters, ergonomic chairs, and wellness reminder notes may suggest high-stress environments and a desire for mental balance.

4. Hybrid Work Culture

Sign-in logs, meeting rooms equipped for video calls, and hotel-style desks would show evidence of a shift between remote and in-person work.

5. Organizational Identity

Brand merch, lanyards, and internal communication documents provide insights into corporate culture and identity.

Office Layouts as Archaeological Landscapes

Archaeologists interpret office layouts much like they analyze ancient settlements. Spatial design reveals cultural patterns, productivity priorities, and beliefs about social interaction.

Open Office Layouts

Open spaces reflect a cultural shift toward collaboration, transparency, and multi-directional communication. However, cluttered desks or improvised partitions might suggest workers carving out personal boundaries.

Private Offices

Like chambers in ancient palaces, private rooms indicate authority, privacy needs, and organizational hierarchy.

Break Rooms and Social Zones

These are the “communal spaces” of the modern workplace—much like shared courtyards in ancient homes.

The Office Cubicle as Material Culture

The cubicle designs represents a major phase in workplace history, symbolizing:

  • The rise of corporate structures
  • The need for semi-private but controlled workspace
  • Efficiency-driven design trends
  • Standardized office environments

Archaeologists might interpret cubicles as artifacts of productivity culture, reflecting how modern workers balanced personal identity with corporate expectations.

Objects and Artifacts in the Modern Office

Archaeology thrives on the study of artifacts. In a modern office, the following categories are deeply meaningful:

1. Personal Items

  • Family photos
  • Plants
  • Decor
  • Inspirational quotes
    These objects reveal emotional needs, identity expressions, and personalization habits in the workplace.

2. Technological Artifacts

  • Old computers
  • USB drives
  • Office telephones
  • Printers and fax machines
    They document technological evolution and communication practices.

3. Ephemeral Materials

Notes, drafts, printed emails, sticky reminders, timelines, and calendars—though often temporary—are rich sources of information about workflow and cognitive processes.

4. Consumables

Coffee wrappers, snack packets, water bottles—these may seem trivial but reveal dietary habits, stress levels, time pressure, and cultural preferences.

The Office as a Living Excavation Site

Unlike ancient ruins, modern offices are active sites. Archaeologists can perform ethnographic observation, watching people interact with their spaces in real time.

This allows them to study:

Behavioral Patterns

  • How people navigate between desks
  • How teams use meeting rooms
  • How breaks are structured
  • How workers personalize space

Interaction with Technology

  • Frequency of device use
  • Collaboration tools
  • Digital storage vs. physical storage choices

The Flow of Materials

  • Document lifecycle (printing, marking, discarding)
  • Movement of supplies
  • Office maintenance patterns

Noise, Light, and Movement

These environmental factors influence how people behave—and leave material traces over time.

Office Waste as an Archaeological Goldmine

In archaeology, garbage tells powerful stories. Office waste bins reveal:

  • Productivity cycles
  • Stress periods
  • Consumption habits
  • Communication patterns
  • Document revision processes

A sudden spike in printed drafts may indicate important deadlines.
High coffee cup counts may reflect long working hours.
Discarded manuals may point to organizational restructuring.

Corporate Culture Through an Archaeological Lens

Like ancient civilizations, companies have:

  • Rituals
  • Symbols
  • Language
  • Belief systems
  • Hierarchies
  • Shared identity

Archaeologists can trace these cultural elements through:

Artifacts

Branded notebooks, employee badges, merchandise, recognition awards.

Writings

Internal newsletters, memos, manuals, and posters.

Architecture

Work zones, meeting pods, cubicles, and layout choices.

Behavioral Traces

Seating patterns, rearranged furniture, personalized decorations.

Corporate culture becomes a tapestry woven from all these material clues.

How Archaeology Can Improve Modern Workplaces

Archaeology doesn’t just analyze the past—it can improve the present.

1. Better Office Design

Understanding how people use space helps architects design more comfortable, culturally aligned workplaces.

2. Improved Workflow

Archaeological analysis of object placement, movement patterns, and material use can identify inefficiencies.

3. Employee Well-Being

Studying stress markers, personalization trends, and comfort needs helps companies build healthier environments.

4. Cultural Preservation

Companies can treat old documents, awards, or floor plans as heritage—preserving their history for future generations.

The Office as a Future Archaeological Treasure

Centuries from now, if archaeologists excavate modern office buildings, they might uncover:

  • Laptops as digital artifacts
  • Meeting rooms as ritual gathering spaces
  • Desks arranged like ancient workstations
  • Corporate identity materials interpreted as cultural symbols
  • Technology that becomes obsolete yet historically significant

Just as we uncover the daily life of ancient people through cooking pots and tools, future generations will uncover our work lives through keyboards, printers, and office layouts.

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The idea of archaeology in the office setting may seem unusual at first, but when examined closely, the workplace becomes a fascinating landscape filled with cultural, social, and historical meaning. Every object, ritual, layout, and behavior contributes to a modern-day time capsule—one that reflects how we work, communicate, socialize, and define ourselves in the 21st century.

The office is not just a place of labor; it is a cultural ecosystem that future archaeologists will study to understand our values, technologies, and way of life. Each desk tells a story, each document holds context, and each space preserves the memory of how we lived our professional lives.

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Cover Image, Top Left: MagicDesk, Pixabay

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Limb bones confirm the earliest discovered hominin walked on two legs

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)—A re-examination of the femur and ulna of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, commonly regarded as the earliest known hominin, confirms that this species walked on two legs. The new study identifies 3 bone features associated with bipedal hominin hip and knee function that corroborate earlier findings. Classifying the features of suspected early bipeds – such as S. tchadensis, which lived roughly 7 million years ago – can help scientists understand the morphological phases of hominin evolution. Previously, analysis of a S. tchadensis cranium suggested this species carried its head like other bipeds do. Subsequent studies based on its partial ulnae and femur shafts also hinted at bipedalism. However, debate remained, because the species’ leg bones share some similarity with chimpanzee morphology. Here, Scott Williams and colleagues have re-examined those ulna and femur bones, examining their proportionality, size, and 3D morphology as compared with hominins and apes. Sizes were most similar to Pan genus apes, such as chimpanzees. However, proportions were more hominin-like. The bones further contained two features that are essential for bipedal knee and hip motion: strong femoral antetorsion and proxies for a gluteal complex. The femur had a tubercle, suggesting the existence of a ligament for bipedal gait stabilization. “Together, these features […] may represent some of the earliest adaptations to bipedalism in the hominin lineage,” Williams et al. write, noting that the species probably could still navigate arboreal landscapes with ease.

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S. tchadensis fossils (TM 266) compared to a chimpanzee and a human. Wiliams et al., Sci. Adv. 12, eadv0130

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The femoral tubercle, the insertion site of the superior band of the iliofemoral ligament. Wiliams et al., Sci. Adv. 12, eadv0130

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Article Source: AAAS news release.

*Earliest evidence of hominin bipedalism in Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Science Advances, 2-Jan-2026. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adv0130

Cover Image, Top Left: skull / casting / Sahelanthropus tchadensi, Rama, CC BY-SA 3.0 FR, Wikimedia Commons

Pigs settled Pacific islands alongside early human voyagers

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)—Pigs across the Pacific can trace their ancestry to Southeast Asian domestic pigs that accompanied early Austronesian-speaking groups as they island-hopped across the region, according to a new genomic study*. For thousands of years, humans have moved animals far beyond their natural ranges – sometimes accidentally and sometimes deliberately, but often with profound ecological consequences, especially on islands. Pigs are a striking example; although their home ranges lie mostly west of the Wallace Line, multiple species are now widespread across the islands of Southeast Asia and throughout Oceania. Archaeological and genetic evidence suggest that pigs were brought eastward more than 4,000 years ago, predating major Austronesian migrations, with later human expansions bringing them farther across the Pacific. However, studies show that endemic pigs in these regions carry a distinctive “Pacific Clade” genetic signature, which is shared by wild and free-living pigs elsewhere across mainland Southeast Asia. This pattern raises questions about the precise nature of the origin and dispersal of pig populations across the Pacific, and humans’ role in it.

To trace the origins of pigs across Wallacea, Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, David Stanton and colleagues sequenced 117 modern, historical, and ancient pig genomes spanning the last 2,900 years, and analyzed tooth shape data from 401 modern and 313 archaeological specimens. Stanton et al. found that pigs from the Philippines to Hawaii largely descended from domestic pigs brought by Austronesian-speaking groups from Southeast China and Taiwan about 4,000 years ago. Moreover, pigs in Oceania show no genetic mixing with the wild pig species native to islands along the migration route, indicating that the earliest introduced animals remained genetically isolated from local populations. Only later did isolated feral populations interbreed with endemic wild species. According to the authors, this pattern mirrors early, successive human migrations across the region, which likewise involved limited admixture with local groups, suggesting that these pigs possessed domestic traits well suited for transport and husbandry. Repeated island-to-island movement then shaped their evolution through genetic bottlenecks, selective pressures, and later gene flow, helping explain their success in spreading across Island Southeast Asia and the western Pacific.

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Above and below: prehistoric cave paintings of Sulawesi warty pigs from Leang Tedongnge Cave, Sulawesi, Indonesia. Dated to at least 45,000 years old, making these some of the oldest known cave art in the world and demonstrate the long-standing relationship between pigs and people in the region. Adam Brumm (Griffith University) and Adhi Agus Oktaviana (BRIN, Indonesia)

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Article Source: AAAS news release.

Researchers have discovered the earliest deliberate cremation in Africa, dating to 9,500 years ago

American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)—A new study* presents what may be the earliest known intentional cremation in Africa to date. The evidence shows that, roughly 9,500 years ago, hunter-gatherers came together to build a pyre and arrange the body of a small female for cremation. Uncovered in present-day Malawi, the event signifies that these people undertook elaborate, communal mortuary practices. Traces of deliberate cremation are rare in hunter-gatherer groups prior to the mid-Holocene. Until now, the oldest cremations – confirmed by the presence of a pyre alongside additional indicators – have dated back to roughly 3,300 years ago during the Pastoral Neolithic. Now, Jessica Cerezo-Román and colleagues have uncovered a prehistoric pyre containing a small adult female’s remains that bear osteological marks of perimortem defleshing and post-burn manipulation. The discovery portrays a meticulously planned event performed by African hunter-gatherers roughly 9,500 years ago at the Hora 1 site. Spatial reconstructions of the site further revealed that the society revisited the location afterwards and built more large fires. This suggests the group not only invested in communal burial rituals, but also maintained a longer tradition based on their shared memory of the event. “These practices emphasize complex mortuary and ritual activities with origins predating the advent of food production, and challenge traditional assumptions about community-scale cooperation and memory-making in tropical hunter-gatherer societies,” Cerezo-Román et al. write.

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Map and image of Hora. Jessica Thompson

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Hora 1 site under excavation. Jessica Thompson

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Microscopic ash layers. Flora Schilt

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Pyre points cropped. Justin Pargeter

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Article Source: AAAS news release.

*Earliest Evidence for Intentional Cremation of Human Remains in Africa, Science Advances, 1-Jan-2026.  www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adz9554

Cover Image, Top Left: Hora Mountain from afar.  Jacob Davis

How Archaeological Discoveries Are Changing Transportation Planning in Canada

Preeth Vinod Jethwani is a seasoned SEO specialist based in Dhule, India, with a Master’s degree in English Literature. Her academic background in language and communication fuels her strategic approach to digital marketing. With over 5 years of hands-on experience in Guest Posting, Niche Edits, Link Building, and Local SEO, she helps websites grow their organic reach with precision and purpose. When not optimizing content or building backlinks, she shares insights and tips at AskPreeto.com.

Canada’s transportation network—its highways, rail corridors, urban streets, and rural access roads—may look modern on the surface, but beneath it lies thousands of years of human history. As archaeological research advances and Indigenous heritage protection gains legal recognition, archaeological discoveries are increasingly influencing how transportation planning is approached across the country. From rerouting highways to redesigning urban infrastructure, archaeology now plays a vital role in shaping Canada’s mobility future.

Understanding the Link Between Archaeology and Transportation

Long before cars, trucks, or railways existed, Indigenous communities developed sophisticated transportation systems. These included seasonal trails, river routes, portage paths, and trade corridors that connected regions for commerce, migration, and cultural exchange. Archaeological findings help modern planners understand where these historic routes existed and why they were chosen—often due to terrain stability, water access, or environmental efficiency.

Many modern roads unintentionally follow these ancient pathways. Archaeologists use tools such as ground-penetrating radar, historical mapping, and artifact analysis to identify these routes, providing valuable insight before new transportation projects begin.

Legal Requirements and Cultural Preservation

In Canada, transportation projects must comply with federal, provincial, and Indigenous heritage protection laws. Environmental and cultural impact assessments now routinely include archaeological evaluations. When artifacts, burial grounds, or historic travel routes are discovered, planners are legally obligated to reassess designs.

This has led to:

  • Highway realignments to avoid sacred sites
  • Delays in construction timelines to allow excavation and documentation
  • Redesigns of bridges and tunnels to minimize land disturbance

These measures ensure that development does not erase irreplaceable cultural history while still supporting modern transportation needs.

Case Studies Across Canada

British Columbia and Indigenous Trade Routes

In British Columbia, archaeological evidence of ancient coastal and inland trade routes has influenced highway expansion projects. Some corridors were adjusted after discoveries revealed long-used Indigenous travel networks aligned with rivers and mountain passes.

Ontario’s Urban Transit Developments

Toronto’s transit expansions have uncovered artifacts dating back thousands of years. Rather than halting progress, planners collaborated with archaeologists to preserve findings while continuing development, integrating heritage interpretation into station design.

Alberta’s Transportation Planning Challenges

Alberta, particularly around Calgary, presents unique challenges due to rapid urban growth combined with historically significant land use. Archaeological discoveries related to Indigenous hunting routes and settlement patterns have required transportation planners to adopt more flexible, consultative approaches when designing new roadways and access routes.

Technology Improving Archaeological Integration

Modern technology allows archaeologists and planners to work together more efficiently than ever before. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), LiDAR scanning, and predictive modeling help identify high-risk archaeological zones before construction begins.

This proactive approach:

  • Reduces costly project delays
  • Improves community trust
  • Enables smarter land-use decisions

Transportation planning is no longer just about speed and efficiency—it’s about respecting the layered history beneath Canada’s landscapes.

Impact on Travel and Vehicle Use

As transportation routes shift or become more environmentally sensitive, travelers increasingly adapt how they explore archaeological and heritage sites. Many historic locations are in rural or semi-remote areas, requiring reliable transportation that can handle diverse terrain and long distances.

For residents and visitors in Alberta, especially those exploring heritage corridors near Calgary, a used SUV often provides the flexibility and durability needed to navigate both modern highways and heritage access roads while aligning with sustainable vehicle ownership practices.

Sustainability and Long-Term Planning

Archaeological awareness also contributes to sustainable transportation planning. By learning how ancient communities adapted to climate, terrain, and natural resources, modern planners gain insight into long-term resilience strategies.

Ancient routes often avoided flood zones, unstable soil, and environmentally sensitive areas—lessons that are increasingly relevant as Canada faces climate change challenges. Incorporating archaeological knowledge helps create transportation systems that are both durable and environmentally responsible.

Collaboration with Indigenous Communities

One of the most significant shifts in Canadian transportation planning is the growing collaboration with Indigenous communities. Archaeological findings are no longer interpreted in isolation; they are contextualized with oral histories and cultural knowledge.

This collaborative approach ensures:

  • Respect for Indigenous rights
  • More accurate historical interpretation
  • Infrastructure projects that benefit local communities

Transportation planning becomes a shared process rather than a purely technical one.

Looking Ahead: A Balanced Future

Archaeological discoveries are reshaping how Canada thinks about progress. Rather than viewing history as an obstacle, planners increasingly see it as a guide. By integrating archaeological insights into transportation design, Canada is building systems that honor the past while supporting future mobility.

As urban expansion continues and infrastructure demands grow, archaeology will remain a crucial component of responsible transportation planning—ensuring that the roads Canadians travel every day respect the stories buried beneath them.

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Cover Image, Top Left: jmj2362, Pixabay

Art, Archaeology, and the Way We Learn to Look

Anastasia Adeler is a writer and contributor to Popular Archaeology Magazine on travel and museums. She is the founder and author of Living Rooms, a slow journalism magazine. 

Here he is, sitting very close to the glass case. So close that only the glass remains between him and the objects — a thin, almost conditional boundary. His back is slightly hunched, his hands lowered, his legs placed calmly, like someone who did not intend to stay, but did.

In front of him are small ancient figures, vessels, fragments of bodies, fragments of ritual — fragments of time. They are arranged as interlocutors. There are many of them, they vary in scale, and each one requires a different kind of attention. He does not rush. His gaze settles. He sits as if engaged in a long conversation that began long before this evening.

In the reflection of the glass, his figure doubles. One version of him is present inside the newly opened galleries of the Princeton University Art Museum. The other appears inside the vitrine, among the artifacts. The reflection becomes part of the scene: the human body enters the exhibition, and the exhibition enters his memory.

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A visitor contemplating the collection at the Princeton University Art Museum. Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

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At this moment, space functions directly.

Posture, distance, light, and time align.

Time loosens its linear grip and begins to behave differently.

This is where the new Princeton University Art Museum begins.

It begins with proximity.

With stillness.

With a person encountering objects that have endured beyond individual life, beyond era, beyond language.

This photograph holds the logic of a museum that has reopened after years of reconstruction as a space for human presence. What matters here is both what is shown and how one is allowed to occupy and move through the space.

I stood there longer than I expected. Watching him. Watching the way his body leaned toward the glass, the way time gathered around that small circle of attention. And only then did I realize that this was not the beginning of my experience in the museum. It was the point where everything I had already passed through slowly converged.

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Before that moment, there was my physical approach.

The walk across campus at dusk — stone paths darkened by moisture, bicycles resting against iron railings, the Gothic silhouettes of Princeton receding into shadow. The museum revealed itself gradually. Not as an isolated object, but as part of the fabric of the place. A mural appeared first — graphic, deliberate, integrated into the exterior rather than applied to it. It signaled that this building was willing to speak visually, but without noise.

The entrance did not separate inside from outside abruptly. It eased you across that threshold. Glass, stone, wood guided the transition. The door opened into space rather than into a hall.

And then there was the floor.

Beneath glass, a Roman mosaic extended underfoot, not lifted onto a wall, not framed as a distant artifact. You walked over it, instinctively slowing down, adjusting your step. The museum established its relationship with the body immediately. History was not placed at eye level. It was placed where you stood.

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Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

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Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

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The interior unfolded with restraint. Clean lines, careful proportions, surfaces that absorbed sound instead of reflecting it. The warmth of wood above balanced the coolness of stone and terrazzo below. Light entered from multiple directions, filtered, angled, never overwhelming. You could feel how much attention had been given to how the space would be used at different hours of the day.

As I moved inward, I noticed how the building avoided symmetry as a principle. Corridors shifted. Views opened sideways. Galleries revealed themselves in sequence rather than alignment. You were never placed on a single axis. You were always slightly off-center — a participant rather than an observer.

This design choice echoed what I would later see again and again: people inhabiting the museum rather than passing through it.

Someone sat near a window with a sketchbook.

Someone paused at the edge of a gallery, leaning lightly against the wall.

Someone stood alone, hands in pockets, looking upward.

The space accommodated these gestures naturally.

It was only later, standing in front of that vitrine, watching the man who had become part of the scene, that I understood how deliberately this experience had been shaped. The architecture had already taught me how to be there. How to slow down. How to stay.

That photograph, taken later, holds the result of this sequence.

But the sequence began the moment I stepped inside. Details begin to surface as you move deeper inside.

The staircases do not dominate the space. They appear when they are needed, widening slightly at landings, allowing people to pause without stepping aside. Railings feel measured to the hand. Steps carry a shallow rise that slows the body without announcing the intention. You become aware of your own pace through movement rather than instruction.

Walls hold their distance. Some surfaces come close, others pull back, creating a subtle play of compression and release. The proportions shift just enough to register in the body. You sense when a gallery is meant for standing, when for sitting, when for staying longer.

Furniture is sparse and precise. Chairs and benches appear near windows, beside thresholds, at the edges of rooms. They are aligned with views-  sometimes inward toward objects, sometimes outward toward trees and stone paths beyond the glass. When someone sits, they do not disappear from the space. They become part of its composition.

Light works quietly but decisively. It falls from above in long planes, grazes walls, settles into corners. In some galleries, it sharpens contours; in others, it softens surfaces. Objects respond differently depending on where you stand. A step to the side changes everything.

Through the windows, Princeton continues. Trees move slightly. A tower catches the last light. Students pass in clusters and then thin out. These scenes remain present without pulling attention away. They form a steady backdrop, grounding the interior in lived time.

Floor surfaces guide movement almost imperceptibly. Terrazzo shifts in tone. Stone carries weight. The transition from one material to another marks a change in focus. You feel it before you recognize it.

Even the glass behaves thoughtfully. Reflections appear and fade depending on angle and light. At times, you see yourself layered over an object. At other moments, the glass disappears entirely. The museum allows these overlaps to happen without correction.

What becomes evident is how carefully the building anticipates people who arrive alone.

People who move slowly.

People who return to the same object.

People who sit without checking the time.

Nothing interrupts these behaviors. The design absorbs them.

Standing there, moving from detail to detail, you realize that the museum does not rely on scale to establish authority. It relies on consistency. On decisions repeated across rooms, floors, and thresholds. On a shared understanding of how attention works when it is respected.

It is within this accumulation of details that the larger structure begins to make sense — and it is from here that the path naturally leads toward the collections themselves, where objects carry their own weight of time.

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Photo credit: Anastasia Adeler

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Princeton Collects

Princeton Collects reads as a conversation assembled over time. The exhibition does not aim to summarize the museum’s holdings. Instead, it traces how a collection comes into being — through attention, commitment, and continuity.

The space is composed with restraint. Works appear at intervals that allow each of them to hold its own ground. Paintings, drawings, objects, fragments — each is given enough room to establish presence before entering into dialogue with the next. The gallery does not rush the eye.

People move through the gallery in varied ways. Some drift laterally, tracing visual connections. Others remain with a single piece, stepping back and forward, adjusting their distance. These movements feel unforced. The room accommodates them.

I noticed how often visitors approached a work before turning to its label. Looking happened first. Reading followed later, if at all. The design supports this order naturally. The objects set the tempo.

Scale becomes one of the guiding forces. A small drawing draws the body inward. A larger canvas pulls the gaze across the wall. Surface matters here. Pigment thickens. Lines hesitate or assert themselves. Materials respond differently to light, and the light gives each of them time.

Color plays a subtle role. The walls carry tones that hold the works steady rather than framing them theatrically. Frames sit comfortably within the architecture. Nothing calls attention to itself more than necessary.

What emerges is an understanding of collecting as an ongoing practice rather than a completed gesture. Objects acquired decades apart share space without hierarchy. The distances between them feel intentional, as if each work were placed with awareness of what it would encounter across the room.

Princeton Collects makes visible the idea that a university museum is shaped as much by patience as by vision. The exhibition does not attempt to impress. It allows relationships to surface gradually between objects, between generations of viewers, between moments of attention separated by years.

From here, the transition toward the ancient feels natural. The eye has learned how to stay. The body has learned how to wait. The next galleries deepen that experience by extending it across centuries.

Ancient Mediterranean Art

The transition into the Ancient Mediterranean Art galleries happens almost imperceptibly. The atmosphere thickens. Stone begins to register differently. Surfaces hold weight, not only visually, but physically — through texture, scale, and proximity.

Relief fragments, vessels, carved elements, architectural pieces occupy the space with a grounded confidence. Their placement allows the body to move close, then step back, then return again. The experience unfolds through distance rather than instruction.

The false door from the tomb of the Egyptian priestess Ankh-Hathor holds a central position. Its surface carries layers of intention — ritual, passage, belief shaped through stone. Carved as a threshold, it suggests movement without requiring it. The object remains still, yet its meaning is spatial. You stand before it as one would stand before an entrance.

The carving reveals itself gradually. Lines deepen. Figures emerge through shadow and light. What first appears decorative settles into structure. The stone records hands, tools, repetition. Time becomes legible through labor.

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Example of an Egyptian false door displayed at the Louvre, France. CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons

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Nearby objects extend this material conversation. Ceramic forms carry the memory of use. Their proportions align with the human hand. Their surfaces retain subtle irregularities, traces of making rather than perfection. These are objects shaped through familiarity, through daily contact.

Light plays an essential role here. It settles across stone and clay without flattening them. Shadows collect in incisions and folds. A slight shift in position alters the reading of a surface. You begin to understand that these works ask for patience.

People respond instinctively. They slow. They lean in. They circle back.

The gallery avoids theatrical framing. Instead, it allows material to lead. Stone remains stone. Clay remains clay. Meaning accumulates through attention rather than explanation.

In this context, archaeology feels immediate. The distance between then and now compresses. Objects cease to function as evidence alone. They regain their status as things that once existed within lived space — touched, carried, placed, returned to.

Standing there, you become aware of how the museum supports this encounter. The proportions of the room hold the body comfortably. Sightlines remain clear. The architecture does not compete with the objects. It gives them room to speak through their own weight.

This section deepens what began earlier in the building. The museum’s understanding of attention extends across centuries. The ancient is not isolated. It is integrated into a continuous field of looking, making, and preserving.

From here, the presence of conservation feels inevitable — the work that allows these objects to remain present, available, and cared for. 

Conservation Studios

The Conservation Studios extend the logic of the galleries into a different register of time. Here, attention shifts from what has endured to how endurance is sustained.

Behind glass walls, work unfolds in plain sight. Objects rest on supports shaped precisely to their contours. Paintings lie flat under measured light. Tools are arranged with economy. Hands move with familiarity and care. Nothing here feels provisional. Everything suggests continuity.

Visitors stop without prompting. Some remain longer than expected. The studios hold their gaze not through activity alone, but through concentration. Watching conservation work becomes a lesson in scale — the scale of gesture, of time invested, of responsibility carried forward.

What stands out is the absence of separation between scholarship and care. Conservation is presented as part of the museum’s public life, embedded rather than concealed. The process belongs to the same architectural rhythm as the galleries themselves.

From certain angles, reflections overlap. The conservator’s hands align with an object’s surface. The glass catches fragments of surrounding space. These moments collapse distance between observer and work, reinforcing the idea that preservation is not abstract. It is physical, sustained, human.

The studios also recalibrate how one understands the objects just seen. Stone reliefs, ceramic vessels, painted surfaces now carry an additional layer of meaning. Their continued presence is no longer assumed. It is earned through labor, knowledge, and restraint.

Students pause here. Scholars linger. Visitors return after moving on. The space accommodates repeated encounters, acknowledging that understanding deepens through revisiting rather than completion.

In this part of the museum, time stretches forward. Conservation speaks to the future as much as to the past. Objects remain active participants in an ongoing exchange — studied, maintained, prepared for encounters yet to come.

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Leaving the studios, you carry a heightened awareness of what it takes for a museum to function as a place of trust. The galleries depend on this work quietly, consistently, without display.

From here, the experience begins to fold back on itself. What you have seen gains weight. What you have noticed sharpens. The museum prepares you, gently, for departure.

The author, Anastasia Adeler

By the time I left the museum, the light outside had changed. The campus looked familiar again, but something in my pace did not. I carried with me the image of that man I noticed earlier — sitting still, slightly leaning forward, his attention fixed, his hands quiet at his sides. I never learned what he was thinking. A place he once belonged to? A person he loved? A life he lived before this one? A friendship? A loss? Or a memory that had waited patiently for the right moment to return? I only know that the museum gave him space to think at all. This, perhaps, is the museum’s most lasting gesture. It does not rush the visitor toward conclusions. It allows encounters to unfold at a human tempo — between object and memory, between form and feeling. Ancient works do not sit behind time; contemporary ones do not compete for relevance. They coexist in a shared present, not asking for any interpretation. 

As I walked away, I realized that the experience had followed me outward. The questions stayed open. The attention remained intact.

Unlike the majority of other places, The Princeton University Art Museum stays with you because of how you are taught to look.

Archaeologists use AI to create prehistoric video game

University of Copenhagen—Historians and archaeologists are constantly looking for new ways to bring the past to life. And in museums, audiovisual and digital solutions have long been a part of the presentation of cultural heritage.

However, until now, developing immersive digital content about the past has been very expensive and has required specialized labor. At the same time, it has been difficult to update the content if needed.

For this reason, only large commercial game developers have been successful in making (pre-)history-based video games. Popular examples are Assassin’s Creed and Civilization, which are great, but don’t always place a high value on historical accuracy.

But in a new research paper (link), archaeologists from the University of Copenhagen show that by using AI, the free tool Unreal Engine and tutorials on YouTube, they have been able to create an educational dynamic 3D computer game – in a short time and for very little money.

“We believe that these free tools that are now available to everyone have the potential to revolutionize digital cultural heritage communication. And with the research article about our game, we give other professionals the recipe for how to get started with digital storytelling without spending huge resources on it,” says archaeologist Mikkel Nørtoft from the University of Copenhagen.

Small talk with a Stone Age woman

The 3D game developed by the researchers is based on the Deep Histories of Migration research project about the Neolithic period in Northern Europe. The game is centered around the archaeologists’ own video recordings of two well-preserved long dolmens from Lindeskov Hestehave on Funen.

“The aim of the game is to learn more about the Neolithic Age and the burial monuments that were built back then in a dramatized universe. You do this by exploring the site, and talking to two AI-driven characters, an archaeologist and a Stone Age woman, whom we have prompted with background stories,” explains Mikkel Nørtoft and continues:

 “In other words, we haven’t had to write detailed manuscripts because the characters speak using generative AI and can therefore express themselves – optionally in several different languages – based on our prompts and our own compiled archaeological knowledge banks.”

This also means that researchers can continuously change the back stories as they gain new knowledge. In this way, they can ensure that the communication always stands on solid academic ground, while at the same time appearing immediate and natural to the players.

“Our game is primarily an example of what is technically possible for beginners, so we recommend that museums and other interested parties build their own scenarios with their expert knowledge. With a little help, most people will be able to learn how to build a simple scenario with characters within a few days and start experimenting with this type of dissemination.”

For Mikkel Nørtoft and his colleagues, their attempt to create a computer game shows that archaeologists and historians no longer have to depend on expensive commercial developers. They can now take control of the communication of their subject and create their own research-based digital version of prehistory.

See a demonstration of the archaeologists’ game on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6h4KqFgoPv4.

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Dolmen Debbie. Screenshot from the game.  University of Copenhagen

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Article Source: University of Copenhagen news release.

*Gamifying the past: embodied LLMs in DIY archaeological video games, Advances in Archaeological Practice, 10-Dec-2025. 10.1017/aap.2025.10106 

New methodology to decipher how human ancestors moved

University of Barcelona—When studying how fossil hominids moved, researchers usually analyse the morphology of bones — which is crucial for understanding the evolution of bipedalism — focusing mainly on muscle insertion sites. However, the potential information of studying other types of soft tissue, such as joint ligaments, is often overlooked. Now, an article* published in the journal Scientific Reports emphasizes the importance of studying the anatomy of the insertion points of the wrist ligaments to reconstruct the locomotor behaviour and manipulative dexterity of fossil hominids throughout human evolution.

The study is led by professors Josep M. Potau and Aroa Casado, from the Human Anatomy and Embryology Unit of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences and the Institute of Archaeology (IAUB) at the University of Barcelona.

With an innovative perspective, the study applies the technique of three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis (3D GM) to examine the insertion sites of the ligaments at the end of the radius that contacts the wrist (distal epiphysis).

The results confirm the existence of diverse locomotor behaviours in hominids and show significant differences in the size, orientation, and shape of wrist ligament insertions in fossil hominids — Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus anamensisAustralopithecus sedibaParanthropus robustusHomo neanderthalensis and archaic Homo sapiens — and modern hominids: Homo sapiensPan troglodytes (chimpanzees), Gorilla gorilla (gorillas) and Pongo pygmaeus (orangutans).

The study expands the set of methodological tools for understanding the evolution of hominids in palaeoanthropology and proposes an innovative methodology that complements more traditional research based on bone morphology.

A new approach to reconstructing locomotion in hominids

Ligaments are a type of soft tissue that is rarely used in studies of hominid locomotion. They act as stabilizers for the joints and also enable the brain to determine the functional status of each joint. The different forms of locomotion in hominids involve anatomical differences in the ligaments of the wrist and, therefore, modifications in the areas where the ligaments insert into the distal epiphysis of the radius.

“Humans, who are bipedal and use their hands primarily to manipulate objects, have anatomical characteristics in these insertion areas that are markedly different from those observed in other non-human hominoid primates (chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans)”, says Professor Josep Maria Potau, from the Department of Surgery and Surgical Specializations at the UB, “which use their hands differently, mainly due to their arboreal and terrestrial locomotion.”

The team developed research lines specializing in the anatomical study of the ligaments of the upper limbs in primates, aiming to create anatomical models that can be compared with modern humans and estimating the types of locomotion of fossil primates by studying the areas of ligament insertion.

“The study of ligament insertion sites in 3D models allows, in most cases, the corroboration or questioning of locomotor inferences based strictly on the study of muscle insertions,” notes Josep Maria Potau. “Furthermore, it provides unique information that cannot be obtained from the study of muscle insertions.”

The distal epiphysis of the radius, which is well represented in many species of fossil primates, “has no identifiable muscle insertion area that allows for locomotor inferences to be made, but it does have two well-defined areas where a large part of the wrist ligaments are inserted, which has allowed this type of inference to be made in the study,” says Professor Aroa Casado.

“If the results obtained with the ligaments coincide with those obtained in the muscular study — she continues — this reinforces the identification of a specific type of locomotion in a specific fossil species. However, if the results are contradictory, it may suggest other alternative forms of locomotion.”

Unravelling the mysteries of bipedalism

As the study reveals, Australopithecus afarensisAustralopithecus anamensis, and Australopithecus sediba show anatomy very similar to that observed in chimpanzees and orangutans. This would support the hypothesis that these ancestors combined habitual bipedal locomotion with highly effective arboreal locomotion, a conclusion indicated in previous studies on muscle insertion sites.

Paranthropus robustus — a fossil primate that evolved in parallel with human phylogeny — is a more contradictory case. While some authors consider it a bipedal species with effective arboreal locomotion — similar to that of Australopithecus —, others postulate that it may have had other forms of terrestrial locomotion. “In our study, the Paranthropus robustus specimen has an anatomy more similar to that of gorillas, so the conclusions would reinforce the idea that, in addition to bipedal and arboreal locomotion, it could also have developed other forms of terrestrial locomotion,” the authors point out, since gorillas are the hominoid primates that most frequently use terrestrial-type locomotion.

Regarding the Homo neanderthalensis and archaic Homo sapiens — closer to the human species —, the anatomy is very similar to that of modern humans, but researchers detected “some characteristic features that would indicate a relatively different use of the hands compared to that of modern human populations.” These ancestors have a typical anatomy in the area where a particular ligament inserts, the short radiolunate ligament, which suggests greater robustness in the wrist area, probably related to a higher demand for manual load bearing associated with hunting or tool making.

The application of the 3D GM technique could be extended to other evolutionary studies of both fossil and extant species to infer locomotor patterns and manual precision. “Our results demonstrate the value of this technique in reconstructing locomotor behavior and make it a valuable tool for future studies in the fields of comparative anatomy, biological anthropology, palaeoanthropology and human evolution,” the team concludes.

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Beyond the research on bone morphology, a UB-led study focuses on soft tissues and expands the methodological tools for understanding how fossil hominids moved throughout the evolution of the human species. Scientific Reports

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Article Source: University of Barcelona news release.

Why Archaeologists Are Turning to Inflatable Docks for Remote Dig Sites

Sujain Thomas is a passionate freelance writer with a deep love for uncovering the past. Fascinated by archaeology, history, and the hidden stories of ancient civilizations, she enjoys bringing timeless knowledge to life through her writing. When she isn’t exploring historical topics, Sujain is often reading, traveling to heritage sites, or researching the cultural roots of modern life. She also contributes to resources like Plomberie 5 Étoiles that highlight expertise in modern plumbing and water systems.

Archaeologists often work in some of the most challenging environments on earth—isolated dig sites, coastal zones, riverbanks, lake shores, and even partially submerged ancient settlements. Accessing these areas safely and efficiently has always been difficult, especially when transporting tools, equipment, and teams across unstable or water-logged terrain.

This is where modern field logistics have evolved. One of the most innovative tools increasingly used in archaeological expeditions today is the inflatable yacht dock, a compact yet durable floating platform that makes remote site work significantly easier.

The Challenge of Accessing Remote Archaeological Sites

Many archaeological discoveries lie far from dry, stable ground. Examples include:

  • Submerged ruins near ancient port cities
  • River-based settlements found in South Asia and Europe
  • Wetland dig sites with soft, sinking soil
  • Cliffside or island sites that require boat access
  • Coastal sites affected by tides, erosion, or rising sea levels

Traditional wooden or metal docks are hard to transport and install in these environments. Archaeologists need something flexible, lightweight, and practical.

Why Inflatable Docks Are Ideal for Archaeological Fieldwork

1. Easy Transport to Remote Locations

Inflatable docks weigh far less than conventional structures. Archaeology teams can carry them:

  • By boat
  • On foot
  • By 4×4 vehicles
  • In small aircraft or helicopters

This flexibility is crucial in excavation zones where road access is limited.

2. Stable Floating Platforms for Water-Based Excavations

Sites near lakes, rivers, or coastal shallows often require:

  • Underwater surveying
  • Artifact retrieval
  • Sediment sampling
  • Drone-based photogrammetry from water

Inflatable docks create a stable floating basecamp, allowing archaeologists to organize tools, change equipment, and document findings without returning to shore repeatedly.

3. Faster Setup and Takedown

Time is often limited during an excavation season. Inflatable platforms can be:

  • Inflated in minutes
  • Anchored quickly
  • Expanded by connecting multiple units

This allows archaeologists to focus on fieldwork instead of construction.

4. Protecting Sensitive Environments

Many archaeological landscapes are fragile. Heavy docks, drilling, or construction can damage:

  • Ancient shoreline formations
  • Flora and fauna in wetland ecosystems
  • Structural remains underwater

Inflatable docks rest lightly on the water, minimizing environmental impact—a major advantage for conservation-focused research.

5. Cost-Effective Solution for Long-Term Projects

Buying or transporting traditional docks can be expensive. Inflatable versions are:

  • Cheaper
  • Reusable
  • Easier to repair on-site
  • Suitable for multi-season projects

This helps archaeology teams stretch their budgets without sacrificing safety or efficiency.

Real-World Uses in Archaeology

Inflatable docks are currently being used in several field scenarios:

  • Mediterranean coastal excavations exploring ancient harbors
  • Lake archaeology projects studying submerged villages
  • Amazonian riverbank surveys where soil collapses easily
  • Island-based digs where transporting heavy materials is impossible
  • Underwater artifact cataloging stations for divers

Researchers using photogrammetry and geophysical tools also appreciate the stable water platform these docks provide.

Enhanced Safety for Field Teams

Water-based archaeology involves risks—slippery surfaces, unstable boats, and unpredictable currents. Inflatable docks provide:

  • Stable footing
  • Handholds
  • Space for storing safety gear
  • A dependable platform for first-aid and field documentation

This reduces accidents and increases productivity during long excavation days.

The Future: More Portable Tools for Archaeologists

As archaeological exploration expands into harder-to-reach areas, inflatable and modular field equipment will continue to rise in popularity. Inflatable docks represent just one part of a larger shift toward highly portable, environmentally respectful excavation tools.

They empower archaeologists to access previously unreachable sites, making new discoveries possible while protecting delicate heritage landscapes.

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Cover Image, Top Left: Pixabay

A new fossil face sheds light on early migrations of ancient human ancestor

Midwestern University—A team of international scientists, led by Dr. Karen Baab, a paleoanthropologist at the College of Graduate Studies, Glendale Campus of Midwestern University in Arizona, produced a virtual reconstruction of the face of early Homo erectus*. The 1.5 to 1.6 million-year-old fossil, called DAN5, was found at the site of Gona, in the Afar region of Ethiopia. This surprisingly archaic face yields new insights into the first species to spread across Africa and Eurasia. The team’s findings are being published in Nature Communications.

According to Dr. Baab, “We already knew that the DAN5 fossil had a small brain, but this new reconstruction shows that the face is also more primitive than classic African Homo erectus of the same antiquity. One explanation is that the Gona population retained the anatomy of the population that originally migrated out of Africa approximately 300,000 years earlier.”

Gona, Ethiopia

The Gona Paleoanthropological Research Project in the Afar of Ethiopia is co-directed by Dr. Sileshi Semaw (Centro Nacional de Investigación sobre la Evolución Humana, Spain) and Dr. Michael Rogers (Southern Connecticut State University). Gona has yielded hominin fossils that are older than 6.3 million years ago, and stone tools spanning the last 2.6 million years of human evolution. The newly presented hominin reconstruction includes a fossil brain case (previously described in 2020) and smaller fragments of the face belonging to a single individual called DAN5 dated to between 1.6 and 1.5 million years ago. The face fragments (and teeth) have now been reassembled using virtual techniques to generate the most complete skull of a fossil human from the Horn of Africa in this time period. The DAN5 fossil is assigned to Homo erectus, a long-lived species found throughout Africa, Asia, and Europe after approximately 1.8 million years ago.

How did the scientists reconstruct the DAN5 fossil?

The researchers used high-resolution micro-CT scans of the four major fragments of the face, which were recovered during the 2000 fieldwork at Gona. 3D models of the fragments were generated from the CT scans. The face fragments were then re-pieced together on a computer screen, and the teeth were fit into the upper jaw where possible. The final step was “attaching” the face to the braincase to produce a mostly complete cranium. This reconstruction took about a year and went through several iterations before arriving at the final version.

Dr. Baab, who was responsible for the reconstruction, described this as “a very complicated 3D puzzle, and one where you do not know the exact outcome in advance. Fortunately, we do know how faces fit together in general, so we were not starting from scratch.”

What did scientists conclude?

This new study shows that the Gona population 1.5 million years ago had a mix of typical Homo erectus characters concentrated in its braincase, but more ancestral features of the face and teeth normally only seen in earlier species. For example, the bridge of the nose is quite flat, and the molars are large. Scientists determined this by comparing the size and shape of the DAN5 face and teeth with other fossils of the same geological age, as well as older and younger ones. A similar combination of traits was documented previously in Eurasia, but this is the first fossil to show this combination of traits inside Africa, challenging the idea that Homo erectus evolved outside of the continent. “I’ll never forget the shock I felt when Dr. Baab first showed me the reconstructed face and jaw,” says Dr. Yousuke Kaifu of the University of Tokyo, a co-author of the study.

“The oldest fossils belonging to Homo erectus are from Africa, and the new fossil reconstruction shows that transitional fossils also existed there, so it makes sense that this species emerged on the African continent,” says Dr. Baab. “But the DAN5 fossil postdates the initial exit from Africa, so other interpretations are possible.”

Dr. Rogers agrees. “This newly reconstructed cranium further emphasizes the anatomical diversity seen in early members of our genus, which is only likely to increase with future discoveries.”

“It is remarkable that the DAN5 Homo erectus was making both simple Oldowan stone tools and early Acheulian handaxes, among the earliest evidence for the two stone tool traditions to be found directly associated with a hominin fossil,” adds Dr. Semaw.

Future Research

The researchers are hoping to compare this fossil to the earliest human fossils from Europe, including fossils assigned to Homo erectus but also a distinct species, Homo antecessor, both dated to approximately one million years ago. “Comparing DAN5 to these fossils will not only deepen our understanding of facial variability within Homo erectus but also shed light on how the species adapted and evolved,” explains Dr. Sarah Freidline of the University of Central Florida, study co-author.

There is also potential to test alternative evolutionary scenarios, such as genetic admixture between two species, as seen in later human evolution among Neanderthals, modern humans and “Denisovans.”  For example, maybe DAN5 represents the result of admixture between classic African Homo erectus and the earlier Homo habilis species. According to Dr. Rogers, “We’re going to need several more fossils dated between one to two million years ago to sort this out.”

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Map showing potential migration routes of the human ancestor, Homo erectus, in Africa, Europe and Asia during the early Pleistocene. Key fossils of Homo erectus and the earlier Homo habilis species are shown, including the new face reconstruction of the DAN5 fossil from Gona, Ethiopia dated to 1.5 million years ago. Dr. Karen L. Baab. Scans provided by National Museum of Ethiopia, National Museums of Kenya and Georgian National Museum.

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Photo montage of five major elements of DAN5 fossil cranium.Photo montage of five major elements of DAN5 fossil cranium. Dr. Michael Rogers

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Fossil fragments of a face as well as teeth were reassembled to produce the most complete cranium of a human ancestor from this time in the Horn of Africa. Dr. Karen L. Baab. Scans provided by National Museum of Ethiopia. Photographs courtesy of M. Rogers and G. Suwa.

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Article Source: Midwestern University news release.

*“New reconstruction of DAN5 cranium (Gona, Ethiopia) supports complex emergence of Homo erectus,” Nature Communications, 16-Dec-2025. 10.1038/s41467-025-66381-9 

Why Archaeology Matters: Teaching Human Origins and Cultural Heritage in the Classroom

Adam Ferraresi is a 32-year-old full-time business writer based in New York, with a strong focus on educational content that helps readers think clearly and act with confidence. An avid reader and lifelong learner, his work centers on breaking down complex ideas into structured, practical insights that support informed decision-making.

Shaped by research, exploration, and real-world observation, Adam draws from a wide range of sources including books, business frameworks, and lived experience. He approaches writing with clarity and intention, aiming to make learning accessible without oversimplifying the subject matter.

Outside of writing and research, Adam values exploration and thoughtful conversation, often finding that the best insights come from curiosity, reflection, and shared perspectives. His goal as an author is to create educational content that is useful, grounded, and easy to apply in real-world contexts.

When students examine the ancient tools used by early humans, they’re not just looking at artifacts; they’re uncovering layers of our shared history. This exploration into human origins and cultural heritage can spark critical conversations about identity and community. By engaging with the past, you can help students connect these lessons to modern societal issues, yet many educators overlook this essential link. What if you could transform your classroom into a space where these connections thrive?

The Importance of Archaeology

Archaeology is often viewed as a window into our past, revealing the intricate tapestry of human history that shapes our present. By studying artifacts, structures, and cultural remains, you gain valuable insights into the behaviors, beliefs, and interactions of past societies. This discipline goes beyond mere excavation; it’s about interpreting data to understand how civilizations evolved, adapted, and influenced one another over time.

In the classroom, teaching archaeology fosters critical thinking and analytical skills. When you engage students with hands-on activities like mock digs or artifact analysis, you not only spark their curiosity but also illustrate the complexities of historical narratives. Students learn to appreciate the context of discoveries, understanding that each artifact tells a story about human resilience and innovation.

Moreover, archaeology emphasizes the significance of cultural heritage, highlighting the diverse experiences that contribute to our collective identity. By acknowledging the past, you help students recognize patterns in societal development and understand contemporary issues, such as cultural preservation and ethical considerations in research.

Ultimately, archaeology equips learners with the tools to analyze their world, encouraging them to become informed, empathetic global citizens.

Understanding Human Origins

Exploring human origins reveals the fascinating journey of our species from primitive ancestors to the complex societies we inhabit today. By examining archaeological evidence, you can trace the evolutionary path that led to modern Homo sapiens.

Fossils, tools, and artifacts provide concrete data about how early humans adapted to their environments, developed language, and formed social structures.

When you investigate this topic, you’ll discover how climate changes and geographical shifts influenced human migration and settlement patterns. For instance, the discovery of fire greatly impacted early human survival, enabling cooking and protection.

You’ll also learn about the significance of symbolic thought, as seen in cave art and burial practices, which reflect the cognitive and cultural advancements of our ancestors.

Cultural Heritage in Education

Integrating cultural heritage into education enriches students’ understanding of their own identities and the diverse world around them. By exploring the histories, traditions, and contributions of various cultures, you help students appreciate the richness of human experience. This approach fosters critical thinking, encouraging students to analyze how cultural narratives shape societal values and personal beliefs.

When you incorporate cultural heritage into your lessons, you’re not just teaching history; you’re creating a dialogue about how the past influences contemporary issues. Students learn to recognize the complexities of cultural interactions and the impact of globalization on local traditions. This understanding is essential in cultivating empathy and respect for diverse perspectives.

Moreover, integrating cultural heritage can empower students to connect with their own backgrounds. By valuing their unique histories, you encourage them to take pride in their identities while appreciating others. This dual recognition can serve as a foundation for collaborative learning, where students engage in discussions that challenge stereotypes and promote inclusivity.

Ultimately, embedding cultural heritage in education equips students with the tools needed to navigate an increasingly interconnected world, making them more informed, compassionate, and culturally aware citizens.

Engaging Students Through Artifacts

Artifacts serve as tangible connections to the past, sparking curiosity and engagement among students. When you introduce objects—like pottery shards, tools, or jewelry—students can almost feel history in their hands. These items tell stories of daily life, social norms, and technological advancements, making abstract concepts more relatable and concrete.

Integrating artifacts into your lessons can transform the classroom into a vibrant learning whether in traditional settings or an online school K-12, by making historical concepts more interactive and accessible to students. By examining these objects, students not only gain insights into different cultures but also start to appreciate the complexity of human experiences. They’ll ask questions about the materials used, the methods of production, and the societal context surrounding each artifact.

You can enhance this engagement by incorporating hands-on activities where students analyze replicas or even create their own artifacts. This kind of experiential learning encourages them to think critically about the significance of these items in understanding human history.

Additionally, discussing the provenance and ethical considerations surrounding artifacts can deepen their appreciation for cultural heritage. In this way, artifacts become more than mere objects; they evolve into powerful tools for fostering a connection to our shared past.

Fostering Critical Thinking Skills

Encouraging students to analyze artifacts critically can greatly enhance their critical thinking skills. When you guide them to question and evaluate the significance of each item, they learn to think beyond surface-level interpretations. This process not only deepens their understanding of history but also sharpens their analytical abilities.

Here are some key elements to focus on:

  • Observation: Teach students to meticulously observe details, like material composition and wear patterns.
  • Contextualization: Help them understand the cultural and historical context in which the artifact existed.
  • Comparative Analysis: Encourage them to compare artifacts from different cultures or periods, fostering connections and contrasts.
  • Hypothesis Formation: Motivate students to formulate hypotheses about the artifact’s purpose and significance, leading to deeper inquiry.

Connecting With Contemporary Issues

Connecting archaeology with contemporary issues invites students to see the relevance of historical studies in today’s world. By examining ancient civilizations, you can help students understand how past societies dealt with challenges similar to those we face now, such as climate change, conflict, and resource management.

For instance, exploring how the Maya adapted to environmental shifts can spark discussions about modern sustainability practices.

As you guide your students through these connections, encourage them to analyze how archaeological findings inform current social debates. This might include issues of cultural heritage, identity, and repatriation of artifacts.

By understanding the complexities surrounding these topics, students can appreciate the ongoing dialogue between past and present.

You can also highlight how archaeology uncovers forgotten voices, particularly marginalized communities. By engaging with these narratives, students develop empathy and a broader perspective on social justice issues today.

Ultimately, linking archaeology to contemporary issues not only enriches students’ understanding but also empowers them to think critically about their role in society.

This approach fosters a sense of responsibility and inspires action, making history not just a lesson of the past, but a guide for the future.

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In weaving archaeology into the classroom fabric, you’re not just imparting knowledge; you’re nurturing a profound appreciation for the intricate tapestry of human existence. By guiding students through the rich narratives of our ancestors, you elevate their understanding of cultural heritage and ignite critical thinking. This journey through time empowers them to engage thoughtfully with today’s world, transforming mere learners into enlightened custodians of the past, ready to navigate the complexities of the future with empathy and insight.

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Cover Image, Top Left: credit: JamesDeMers, Pixabay

Ancient Nubian tattooing practices

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences—A study* uncovers remains of previously unknown individuals with tattoos in ancient Nubia, providing fresh insights into the prevalence, methods, and shifting motifs of tattooing over centuries. Tattooing is known to have occurred in ancient Nubia, particularly in the Nile River Valley. The advent of multispectral imaging methods has enabled the analysis of preserved skin samples for signs of tattooing. Anne Austin and colleagues examined 1,048 human remains from three sites in the Nile River Valley covering the period 350 BCE through 1400 CE. The analysis revealed 27 individuals with tattoos, nearly doubling the number of known tattooed individuals in the Nile River Valley. The tattoos were found on both male and female remains, with ages ranging from infants to elderly adults. Through microscopic analysis of the tattoos, the authors found a shift in tattooing practices in the medieval period, when Christianity was introduced to the region. The motifs of dotted diamonds across the body, as well as crisscrossed patterns on the hands in the pre-Christian period, gave way to tattoos on the face. The shapes of markings suggest tattoos formed with a knife rather than with a needle. According to the authors, the findings illustrate how multispectral techniques can provide context to ancient tattooing practices by clarifying techniques and motifs.

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Reconstruction of geometric tattoos on the right hand of an adult woman from Semna South. Mary Nguyen. ©2025 UMSL

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Reconstruction of tattooing on the forehead of a 3-year-old female (657-855 CE) from Kulubnarti. Mary Nguyen. ©2025 UMSL

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Article Source: PNAS news release.

*“Revealing tattoo traditions in ancient Nubia through multispectral imaging,” by Anne Austin, Brenda J. Baker, Tatijana Jovanovic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 15-Dec-2025. https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2517291122

Fingerprint of ancient seafarer found on Scandinavia’s oldest plank boat

Lund University—In the 4th century BC, an armada of boats attacked the island of Als off the coast of Denmark. Traveling in up to four boats, the unknown attackers were defeated, with the defenders sinking the weapons of their foes into the bog in one of the boats, most likely to give thanks for their victory.

“Where these sea raiders might have come from, and why they attacked the island of Als has long been a mystery,” says Mikael Fauvelle, archaeologist at Lund University.

The boat was discovered in the 1880s in the bog of Hjortspring Mose, excavated in the 1920s, and is now known as the Hjortspring boat. It is the only example of a prehistoric plank boat that has ever been found in Scandinavia. The finding is unique – since it was sunk in a bog as an offering, it was exceptionally well preserved. To this day, the Hjortspring boat has been on display at the National Museum of Denmark.

When the researchers unexpectedly located parts of the boat that had not been chemically preserved, they were able to study these using modern scientific methods.

“The boat was waterproofed with pine pitch, which was surprising. This suggests the boat was built somewhere with abundant pine forests,” says Mikael Fauvelle.

Several scholars had previously suggested that the boat and its crew came from the region around modern-day Hamburg in Germany. Instead, the researchers now believe they came from the Baltic Sea region.

“If the boat came from the pine forest-rich coastal regions of the Baltic Sea, it means that the warriors who attacked the island of Als chose to launch a maritime raid over hundreds of kilometers of open sea,” says Mikael Fauvelle.

So, exactly where did someone unknowingly leave their fingerprint in the tar, as a silent message to future generations? The best way to conclusively address the mystery of the boat’s origins would be through tree year ring counting which could match the planks on the boat to the area where the trees they came from were cut down. 

“We are also hoping to be able to extract ancient DNA from the caulking tar on the boat, which could give us more detailed information on the ancient people who used this boat,” concludes Mikael Fauvelle.

DETECTIVE WORK LED TO DISCOVERY

The latest findings* are the result of careful detective work by the researchers. 

The team wanted to find material from the boat that had not yet been subjected to conservation. This involved going through the archive at the National Museum and reading old correspondence, detailing when and where materials had been shipped between different storage areas and museums in Denmark. 

“When we located some of the boxes of materials, we were very excited to find that they contained samples from the original excavation that had not been studied in over 100 years,” says Mikael Fauvelle.

HOW THE RESEARCHERS EXAMINED THEIR FINDS

The team used a wide range of modern scientific methods to study the Hjortspring material. They were able to carbon date some of the lime bast cordage used on the boat, giving them the first absolute date from the original excavation material and confirming its pre-Roman Iron Age dating. 

They also used x-ray tomography to make high resolution scans of the caulking and cordage material found on the boat. This included making a digital 3D model of the fingerprint found in some of the caulking tar.

They used gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to study the caulking material and to see how it was produced. In addition, they worked with modern rope makers to create replicas of the ships cordage to study the rope-making process used in the boat’s construction. 

The research was carried out in collaboration with the research program Maritime Encounters at the University of Gothenburg.

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The Hjortspring boat as currently displayed at the National Museum of Denmark. Boel Bengtsson

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Photo of caulking fragment showing fingerprint on the left and high-resolution x-ray tomography scan of fingerprint region on the right. Erik Johansson, 3D model by Sahel Ganji.

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Cordage fragments from the Hjortspring boat. Mikael Fauvette

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Depiction of our experimental reconstruction of lime bast cordage and hitch knot. This reconstruction was made by Mikkel Hollmann and Olof Pipping using a spinning hook. Note that some sections are two ply while others are four ply. Mikael Fauvette

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Never before seen artifacts uncover a story of deep global connectivity and sophistication far before 1st millennia BCE

AlUla, Saudi Arabia – The fascinating, ancient and vibrant story of Dadan, the former capital of the Kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan, is revealed for global audiences to discover and explore in-depth in a new permanent exhibition titled ‘Illuminating Discoveries – Uncovering the layers of Dadan’s History’.

Displayed at the spectacular Dadan archaeological site in the ancient oasis city of AlUla, northwest Arabia, the permanent interpretive exhibition presents the diverse crafts, practices and evidence of ancient intercultural exchange, highlighting Dadan’s role as a major political and trading center on the Incense Road during the 1st millennium BCE and earlier.

Presenting an exciting new chapter in the modern world’s knowledge of ancient Arabia and its storied history, ‘Illuminating Discoveries – Uncovering the layers of Dadan’s History’ features more than 100 artifacts painstakingly recovered from the ruins by international teams working in AlUla’s Dadan archaeological site and the mountaintop sanctuary of Umm Daraj in the last five years.

With the camel’s domestication opening vast new overland routes, the incense trade flourished, elevating Dadan into a thriving powerhouse of commerce and cross-cultural connection. Over time, the Incense Road grew into one of the most lucrative and influential trading networks of the ancient world, shaping economies and societies across thousands of kilometers.

Artifacts now on display depict the breadth of traders’ journeys placing AlUla at the center of a surprisingly connected and sophisticated global network. Highlighted objects include figurines with connections to Greece, a Roman or Byzantine bone hairpin and inscriptions in stone in a south Arabian language.

A dynasty of cultured and sophisticated civilizations interconnected with the ancient world, where farming began in Dadan around the 3rd millennia BCE. Archaeologists have found evidence of handcraft from the 2nd millennia BCE, a thousand years before the establishment of the Roman Empire.

Evidence of a deep tradition of craft as part of daily life shows the sophistication and human ingenuity of the people. New finds include examples of complex metal work, as well as evidence for the production of textiles made by weaving and spinning techniques. Once central to life in the city, these traditions and crafts are being revitalized today as part of the Royal Commission for AlUla’s (RCU) cultural and heritage regeneration of AlUla.

Including unique objects, the majority of which have never been displayed to the public before, the exhibition is spread across five comprehensive sections: Crafts and Daily Life in Ancient Dadan; Exchange and Trade; Ancient Beliefs and Rituals; Scripts in Stone; and Umm Daraj.

Included among the collection of ancient items is a copper-alloy spearhead dating from around 400–50 BCE. Surveys across the cliffs of Dadan revealed hundreds of inscriptions and striking rock art, including a battle scene showing four riders armed with long spears, while rock art from the adjoining desert valley of Wadi Al Naam depicts a horseman with a spear hunting an ostrich.

Dating to the late 4th to 1st century BCE, a terracotta head was discovered in an urban neighborhood in Dadan. Imported from the ancient Greek world, it may once have formed part of a Tanagra figurine – a style of small, finely modeled figures produced in central Greece and traded widely across the Mediterranean and even as far as Babylon. The head highlights how Mediterranean styles were absorbed into the cultural landscape and traded across northwest Arabia during the Lihyanite period.

Dating from 400–50 BCE, a striking statue, with the inlay still visible in one eye, uncovered in an ancient shrine at the foot of Dadan’s cliffs showcases the fine craftsmanship of highly symbolic items produced during the Lihyanite period, while another statuette marked by its long hair was also found in the same location. The standing figure, dressed in a belted garment, has only one surviving arm hanging straight at the side. Its eyes would have once been inlaid with bone.

A fragment of sandstone inscription from the 1st millennium BCE wonderfully preserves part of a monumental Ancient South Arabian (Minaic) inscription. Carved in bold relief and likely originating from an ancient public or religious building, only two signs – w and d – survive, but together they likely refer to Wadd, the chief deity worshipped by the Minaean community at Dadan. The Minaeans, merchants from the south Arabian kingdom of Ma‘in, established a presence in Dadan as part of their long-distance trading networks, leaving behind inscriptions that record their cultural practices.

As an example of ancient language in its written form, the stone fragment shares a connection with the nearby ‘open air library’ at Jabal Ikmah. Inscribed on UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register, Jabal Ikmah is home to almost 300 inscriptions predominantly dated to when the Dadanites and Lihyanites ruled from Dadan.

Dr. Abdurahman Alsuhaibani, Vice President of Culture at RCU and Co-Director of the Dadan Project, said: “Dadan is a truly remarkable place that one could say was the world’s first truly connected center. An ancient capital, it was one of the most sophisticated and important cities of its time – a fascinating fact that continues to reveal itself through the incredible range and diversity of artifacts uncovered by teams of Saudi and international experts on the ground. This wonderful new, permanent exhibition offers visitors unique insights into the lives, beliefs and practices of the people of Dadan, how they ruled the region and how they interacted with other cultures.”

The exhibition was made possible by a collaboration between the Royal Commission for AlUla (RCU), The French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and the French Agency for AlUla Development (AFALULA), who have led Saudi-French archaeological missions leading on the excavations in Dadan in recent years.

The 2025–26 season in AlUla launches one of the region’s most diverse heritage research efforts to date, with more than 100 archaeologists and specialists from leading Saudi and international institutions working across over six major projects. From new excavations at Hegra and Dadan to large-scale inscription and environmental studies, this is AlUla’s most ambitious programme yet—advancing knowledge, building Saudi capacity, and reinforcing the Kingdom’s position as a global leader in cultural heritage research.

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Above and below: Artifacts from Illuminating Discoveries — Uncovering the Layers of Dadan’s History. AlUla

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Dadan. AlUla

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The tombs of ancient Dadan. AlUla

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Visitors to AlUla who book a ticket to the Dadan and Jabal Ikmah tour will enjoy exclusive access to the ‘Illuminating Discoveries – Uncovering the layers of Dadan’s History’ as part of their experience.

For more information, visit experiencealula.com

For further information, please contact: RCU.Destinations@bursonglobal.com

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About AlUla:

Located 1,100 km from Riyadh, in North-West Saudi Arabia, AlUla is a place of extraordinary natural and human heritage. The vast area, covering 22,561km², includes a lush oasis valley, towering sandstone mountains and ancient cultural heritage sites dating back thousands of years to when the Lihyan and Nabataean kingdoms reigned.

The most well-known and recognised site in AlUla is Hegra, Saudi Arabia’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site. A 52-hectare ancient city, Hegra was the principal southern city of the Nabataean Kingdom and is comprised of 111 well-preserved tombs, many with elaborate facades cut out of the sandstone outcrops surrounding the walled urban settlement.

Current research also suggests Hegra was the most southern outpost of the Roman Empire after the Romans conquered the Nabataeans in 106 CE.

In addition to Hegra, AlUla is also home to ancient Dadan, the capital of the Kingdoms of Dadan and Lihyan, and considered to be one of the most developed 1st millennium BCE cities of the Arabian Peninsula, and Jabal Ikmah, an open-air library of hundreds of inscriptions in many different languages, which has been recently listed on the UNESCO’s Memory of the World Register. Also AlUla Old Town Village, a labyrinth of around 900 mudbrick dwellings and buildings, developed from at least the 12th century, which has been selected as one of the World’s Best Tourism Villages in 2022 by the UNWTO.

Pompeii offers insights into ancient Roman building technology

Massachusetts Institute of Technology—Concrete was the foundation of the ancient Roman empire. It enabled Rome’s storied architectural revolution as well as the construction of buildings, bridges, and aqueducts, many of which are still used some 2,000 years after their creation.

In 2023, MIT Associate Professor Admir Masic and his collaborators published a paper describing the manufacturing process that gave Roman concrete its longevity: Lime fragments were mixed with volcanic ash and other dry ingredients before the addition of water. Once water is added to this dry mix, heat is produced. As the concrete sets, this “hot-mixing” process traps and preserves the highly reactive lime as small, white, gravel-like features. When cracks form in the concrete, the lime clasts redissolve and fill the cracks, giving the concrete self-healing properties.

There was only one problem: The process Masic’s team described was different from the one described by the famed ancient Roman architect Vitruvius. Vitruvius literally wrote the book on ancient architecture. His highly influential work, “De architectura,” written in the 1st century B.C.E., is the first known book on architectural theory. In it, Vitruvius says that Romans added water to lime to create a paste-like material before mixing it with other ingredients.

“Having a lot of respect for Vitruvius, it was difficult to suggest that his description may be inaccurate,” Masic says. “The writings of Vitruvius played a critical role in stimulating my interest in ancient Roman architecture, and the results from my research contradicted these important historical texts.”

Now, Masic and his collaborators have confirmed that hot-mixing was indeed used by the Romans, a conclusion he reached by studying a newly discovered ancient construction site in Pompeii that was exquisitely preserved by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79 C.E. They also characterized the volcanic ash material the Romans mixed with the lime, finding a surprisingly diverse array of reactive minerals that further added to the concrete’s ability to repair itself many years after these monumental structures were built.

“There is the historic importance of this material, and then there is the scientific and technological importance of understanding it,” Masic explains. “This material can heal itself over thousands of years, it is reactive, and it is highly dynamic. It has survived earthquakes and volcanoes. It has endured under the sea and survived degradation from the elements. We don’t want to completely copy Roman concrete today. We just want to translate a few sentences from this book of knowledge into our modern construction practices.”

The findings are described in a forthcoming paper in Nature Communications. Joining Masic on the paper are first authors Ellie Vaserman ’25 and Principal Research Scientist James Weaver, along with Associate Professor Kristin Bergmann, PhD candidate Claire Hayhow, and six other Italian collaborators.

Uncovering ancient secrets

Masic has spent close to a decade studying the chemical composition of the concrete that allowed Rome’s famous structures to endure for so much longer than their modern counterparts. His 2023 paper analyzed the material’s chemical composition to deduce how it was made.

That paper used samples from a city wall in Priverno in southwest Italy, which was conquered by the Romans in the 4th century B.C.E. But there was a question as to whether this wall was representative of other concrete structures built throughout the Roman empire.

The recent discovery by archaeologists of an active ancient construction site in Pompeii (complete with raw material piles and tools) therefore offered an unprecedented opportunity.

For the study, the researchers analyzed samples from these pre-mixed dry material piles, a wall that was in the process of being built, completed buttress and structural walls, and mortar repairs in an existing wall.

“We were blessed to be able to open this time capsule of a construction site and find piles of material ready to be used for the wall,” Masic says. “With this paper, we wanted to clearly define a technology and associate it with the Roman period in the year 79 C.E.”

The site offered the clearest evidence yet that the Romans used hot-mixing in concrete production. Not only did the concrete samples contain the lime clasts described in Masic’s previous paper, but the team also discovered intact quicklime fragments pre-mixed with other ingredients in a dry raw material pile, a critical first step in the preparation of hot-mixed concrete.

Bergman, an associate professor of earth and planetary sciences, helped develop tools for differentiating the materials at the site.

“Through these stable isotope studies, we could follow these critical carbonation reactions over time, allowing us to distinguish hot-mixed lime from the slaked lime originally described by Vitruvius,” Masic says. “These results revealed that the Romans prepared their binding material by taking calcined limestone (quicklime), grinding them to a certain size, mixing it dry with volcanic ash, and then eventually adding water to create a cementing matrix.”

The researchers also analyzed the volcanic ingredients in the cement, including a type of volcanic ash called pumice. They found that the pumice particles chemically reacted with the surrounding pore solution over time, creating new mineral deposits that further strengthened the concrete.

Rewriting history

Masic says the archaeologists listed as co-authors on the paper were indispensable to the study. When Masic first entered the Pompeii site, as he inspected the perfectly preserved work area, tears came to his eyes.

“I expected to see Roman workers walking between the piles with their tools,” Masic says. “It was so vivid, you felt like you were transported in time. So yes, I got emotional looking at a pile of dirt. The archaeologists made some jokes.”

Masic notes that calcium is a key component in both ancient and modern concretes, so understanding how it reacts over time holds lessons for understanding dynamic processes in modern cement as well. Towards these efforts, Masic has also started a company, DMAT, that uses lessons from ancient Roman concrete to create long-lasting modern concretes.

“This is relevant because Roman cement is durable, it heals itself, and it’s a dynamic system,” Masic says. “The way these pores in volcanic ingredients can be filled through recrystallization is a dream process we want to translate into our modern materials. We want materials that regenerate themselves.”

As for Vitruvius, Masic guesses that he may have been misinterpreted. He points out that Vitruvius also mentions latent heat during the cement mixing process, which could suggest hot-mixing after all.

The work was supported, in part, by the MIT Research Support Committee (RSC) and the MIT Concrete Sustainability Hub.

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An ancient Pompeii wall at a newly excavated site, where Associate Professor Admir Masic applied compositional analysis (overlayed to right) to understand how ancient Romans made concrete that has endured for thousands of years. Archaeological Park of Pompeii

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Article Source: Massachusetts Institute of Technology news release.

Severe drought linked to the decline of the hobbits 61,000 years ago

University of Wollongong—An international team of scientists, including the University of Wollongong (UOW), has found compelling evidence that a changing climate played a role in the extinction of the early human species Homo floresiensis, also known as ‘hobbits’. Their research, published in Communications Earth & Environment, reveals the hobbits abandoned Liang Bua – a cave they had occupied for around 140,000 years – during a drought that lasted for thousands of years.

The team combined chemical records from cave stalagmites with isotopic data from fossil teeth from a pygmy elephant species (Stegodon florensis insularis) that hobbits hunted. The results reveal an extensive drying trend beginning around 76,000 years ago, culminating in severe drought between 61,000 and 55,000 years ago, around the time the hobbits disappeared. Prolonged drought and competition for resources may have driven their departure from Liang Bua and, ultimately, their extinction.

The discovery highlights how environmental conditions can reshape the course of species survival, and how changing rainfall influenced the fate of our close relatives.

“The ecosystem around Liang Bua became dramatically drier around the time Homo floresiensis vanished,” said UOW Honorary Professor Dr Mike Gagan, the lead author of the study. “Summer rainfall fell and river-beds became seasonally dry, placing stress on both hobbits and their prey.”

The discovery builds on decades of groundbreaking UOW research into Homo floresiensis, first discovered in 2003 in Liang Bua on the Indonesian island of Flores. Dubbed the hobbit due to its tiny stature, Homo floresiensis challenged prevailing theories of human evolution. It disappears from the fossil record around 50,000 years ago, but its fate has remained an enigma.

The scientists used stalagmites, a natural archive of rainfall, to reconstruct past climate and rainfall. Analysis of oxygen-isotopes in fossil tooth enamel showed the pygmy elephants relied on river water, which became increasingly scarce. The pygmy elephant population fell steeply around 61,000 years ago, meaning that an important food source for the hobbits was disappearing.

“Surface freshwater, Stegodon and Homo floresiensis all decline at the same time, showing the compounding effects of ecological stress,” UOW Honorary Fellow Dr Gert van den Berg said. “Competition for dwindling water and food probably forced the hobbits to abandon Liang Bua.”

While Homo floresiensis fossils pre-date the earliest evidence of modern humans on Flores, Homo sapiens were traversing the Indonesian archipelago around the time the hobbits disappeared.

“It’s possible that as the hobbits moved in search of water and prey, they encountered modern humans,” Dr Gagan said. “In that sense, climate change may have set the stage for their final disappearance.”

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The research team on site in Flores, Indonesia. Garry K Smith

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Fossil jaw-bone (with adult teeth) from Stegodon florensis insularis at Liang Bua. Mika R Puspaningrum

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Wae Racang valley, where Homo floresiensis and Stegodon once roamed.

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Article Source: University of Wollongong news release.

About the research

‘Onset of summer aridification and the decline of Homo floresiensis at Liang Bua 61,000 years ago’ by Michael K. Gagan, Linda K. Ayliffe, Mika R. Puspaningrum, Gerrit van den Bergh, Nick Scroxton, Wahyoe S .Hantoro, Heather Scott-Gagan, Scott A. Condie, R. Lawrence Edwards, HaiCheng, Jian-xin Zhao, JohnC. Hellstrom, Alena K. Kimbrough, Matthew J. Gagan, Bambang W. Suwargadi, Joan A. Cowley, Bronwyn C. Dixon, Garry K. Smith, Neil Anderson, Henri Wong and Hamdi Rifai, was published in Communications Earth & Environmenthttps://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02961-3

Archaeologists use lasers to locate ancient settlements and artifacts on Greek Islands

University of Copenhagen—The Cyclades are an island group in the Aegean Sea, southeast of mainland Greece. Made up of more than 200 islands, the Cyclades attract millions of tourists each year for holidays on islands like Mykonos and Santorini. But recent studies have revealed that before the luxury villas took over the islands, the Cyclades have been home to humans in not only ancient Greece, but in pre-historic times as well.

As part of several international teams, archaeologist Evan Levine from the University of Copenhagen is using groundbreaking technological methods such as LIDAR and magnetometry to shed new light on the archaeology of the Cycladic islands*.

The Cycladic islands are already well-known for archaeological sites such as the sanctuary of Apollo on Delos and Akrotiri, a Bronze Age city destroyed by a volcanic eruption more than 3,000 years ago. But Evan Levine, a PhD Fellow in archaeology at the University of Copenhagen, and colleagues from Greece and the United States have just completed The Small Cycladic Islands Project, which studied 87 uninhabited islands, many of them for the first time.

“Our questions were simple. Were these now-uninhabited islands – some of which are big, some of which are small, some of which are rugged, some of which are very beautiful – used by people at any point in the past? If so, how were they used, and how does that change our perspective of these kinds of archipelago environments where big islands, small islands, coastlines, and the sea itself are all working together to dictate how people live?” says Evan Levine.

Tourism is an important factor in the Greek economy, but the country also has many unknown archaeological sites still buried in the ground, yet to be unearthed. By mapping out the areas of particular archaeological interest, Evan Levine and his colleagues are helping guide future development in the region, encouraging more sustainable tourism and protecting Greece’s cultural heritage.  Their collaboration with the Greek Ministry of Culture has even resulted in the entire island of Polyaigos – the largest uninhabited Aegean island – being designated a protected archaeological site.

Lasers and magnetic waves

When you think of archaeological fieldwork, you might imagine dig sites and excavations. Careful as archaeologists may be, digging disturbs the area of interest. Evan Levine and his colleagues have been using modern archaeological techniques that are less intrusive and have not been used extensively in The Cyclades previously.

One of these methods is magnetometry  – the subject of a recent publication in the Journal of Archaeological Science.

“Magnetometry is a technique that had never been used on these islands, so we weren’t sure if it would be effective. We use something called a gradiometer to record the ground’s magnetic signature as you walk across it. Different objects in the ground present different magnetic properties, which we use to see what’s under the ground. Magnetometry helps us find everything from stone walls and buildings to interesting events like ancient lightning strikes and human and natural activity that affect soil magnetics,” says Evan Levine.

“We’re trying to understand how ancient sites may have looked without having to completely excavate everything. Because archaeology is a destructive science, our goal is to document as much as possible to make sure that we’re digging in the right place and asking the right questions when we do excavate.” says Evan Levine.

Alongside magnetometry which helps document individual sites, Evan and his colleagues are using LIDAR to map out entire islands from the air.

In short, LIDAR works by shooting pulsating lasers from an airplane or drone. The laser pulses penetrate through vegetation and provide a clear image of the surface topography below. It has been used previously to discover lost cities in Mesoamerica and Southeast Asia, but is a relatively new method in Greece.

“There are several benefits of using these methods. They are non-invasive and can produce some amazing results. In the world of limited funding for research in the humanities, they allow you to be much more targeted than previously possible, using destructive methods like excavation much more sparingly to answer particular questions,” says Evan Levine.

LIDAR mapping of the island of Naxos is the topic of a recent article in Antiquity and will feature in the December edition of The Journal of Greek Archaeology*.

Big histories of little islands 

When using the methods that Evan Levine and his colleagues are applying, you find many things from several very different time periods all at once. While most archaeologists study particular periods, like Bronze Age or Classical Era, Evan Levine is using these tools to tell a new history of the Cyclades that spans thousands of years.

“We found everything from Bronze Age cities to Medieval castles and churches, and we may even have evidence of palaeolithic activity on these islands,” says Evan Levine. “The responsible thing to do is to document all of it – from traces of exceptionally early activity to more recent archaeology like 19th century shepherd’s huts. It’s all part of the story of these places, and the work I have been doing allows us to think about how the earlier activity influences and interacts with the later activities.”

Many of their prehistoric findings are from 3000 to 1000 , periods when the region was home to the Cycladic culture, Minoans from Crete, and Mycenaeans from mainland Greece. But, surprisingly, Evan and his colleagues have also found artifacts that points to earlier human presence on the Cyclades.

“Some of our most exciting data focuses on the earliest colonization of the Cyclades during the Neolithic Period,” says Evan Levine. “These tools are allowing us to rethink how the earliest communities on these islands lived and interacted with the land and the sea around them. We definitely did not expect to find so much early material on such small islands, which clearly attracted humans for various reasons much earlier and in greater numbers than we previously thought,” Evan Levine says.

Methods like LIDAR, ground penetrating radar and magnetometry played a significant role in these findings according to the UCPH archaeologist.

“In some instances our methods have completely led to the discovery of the items we have found. In other instances, these tools have allowed us to do more than we otherwise would have, because they have made our search more targeted which allows us to document our findings more carefully,” he explains.

Future plans

Evan Levine plans to continue working with these methods and even more modern technologies that are new to the field of archaeology.

“My immediate plans are to work more closely with machine learning and LIDAR, which has led to some amazing results in other parts of the world. I’m lucky to be a part of all these ongoing projects where we can test new methods, and I hope that our findings can help archaeologists who are working in other areas as well,” he says.

“The happy biproduct of this is continued discovery about the diverse communities who have made what is, in my opinion one of the most beautiful and interesting parts of the world, their home for many, many thousands of years. And I’m hoping that our work will help preserve these islands by highlighting how much we have left to learn about them,” he says.

And this new research isn’t just about Greece, Evan Levine is working to bring his experiences using new archaeological technologies and methods back to Denmark. In 2024, he taught a course to undergraduate and master’s students at the University of Copenhagen about using cutting-edge digital methods to study the ancient world.

“Whether you’re studying archaeology like me or historical documents, these same tools are unlocking new ways to think about our collective past,” said Evan Levine.

“Tools like Generative AI and computational modeling are becoming key skills for historians and archaeologists, and my students at the university really took what I had to teach them and ran with it, producing some really exciting research.”

Evan Levine and his colleagues have published their work in the journals Antiquity and the Journal of Archaeological Scienceand more work referenced here will be published this December in Hesperia and the Journal of Greek Archaeology:

An interdisciplinary workflow for the comprehensive study of ancient quarried landscapes | Antiquity | Cambridge Core

The application of geophysical prospection to understand ancient Greek rural island landscapes: Magnetometry survey at Palaiopyrgos, Paros (Cyclades) – ScienceDirect